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  1. 26.
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    the modern name sweden is derived through back-formation from old english swēoþēod, which meant "people of the swedes" (old norse svíþjóð, latin suetidi). this word is derived from sweon/sweonas (old norse sviar, latin suiones). the swedish name sverige (a conjunction of the words svea and rike – the latter is still spelt with the letter g, "rige", in modern danish) literally means "kingdom of the swedes", excluding the geats in zütaland.
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  2. 27.
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    pliny the elder (ad 23–79) referred to this region as the land between the helinium and flevo ("inter helinium ac flevum"), the names of the mouths into which the rhine divided itself, the first discharging its waters in the mosa in the neighbourhood of brielle and the second into "the lakes of the north" (present ijsselmeer).[2] the name holland first appeared in sources in ad 866 for the region around haarlem, and by 1064 was being used as the name of the entire county. by this time, the inhabitants of holland were referring to themselves as "hollanders".[3] holland is derived from the middle dutch term holtland ("wooded land"). this spelling variation remained in use until around the 14th century, at which time the name stabilised as holland (alternative spellings at the time were hollant and hollandt). popular, but incorrect, etymology[citation needed] holds that holland is derived from hol land ("hollow land") and was inspired by the low-lying geography of holland.
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  3. 28.
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    the etymology of brazil remains unclear. traditionally, the word "brazil" comes from the brazilwood, a timber tree which many sailors traded from brazilian regions to europe in the 16th century.[17] in portuguese brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an ember", formed from latin brasa ("ember") and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).[18][19][20] this theory is taught as official in schools of brazil and portugal.
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  4. 29.
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    the english word japan is an exonym. the japanese names for japan are nippon (にっぽん?) listen (help·info) and nihon (にほん?) listen (help·info); both names are written using the kanji 日本. the japanese name nippon is used for most official purposes, including on japanese yen, postage stamps, and for many international sporting events. nihon is a more casual term and is used in contemporary speech. japanese people refer to themselves as nihonjin (日本人?) and to their language as nihongo (日本語?). both nippon and nihon mean "sun-origin" and are often translated as land of the rising sun. this nomenclature comes from japanese missions to imperial china and refers to japan's eastward position relative to china. before nihon came into official use, japan was known as wa (倭?) or wakoku (倭国?).[15]
    the english word for japan came to the west via early trade routes. the early mandarin or possibly wu chinese (吳語) word for japan was recorded by marco polo as cipangu. in modern shanghainese, a wu dialect, the pronunciation of characters 日本 'japan' is zeppen [zəʔpən]. the old malay word for japan, jepang, was borrowed from a chinese language, and this malay word was encountered by portuguese traders in malacca in the 16th century. it is thought the portuguese traders were the first to bring the word to europe. it was first recorded in english in a 1565 letter, spelled giapan
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  5. 30.
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    the name australia is derived from the latin australis, meaning "southern". the country has been referred to colloquially as oz since the early 20th century.[n 5] aussie is a common, colloquial term for "australian".
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  6. 31.
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    after new spain won independence from spain, it was decided that the new country would be named after its capital, mexico city, which was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient aztec capital of méxico-tenochtitlan. the name comes from the nahuatl language, but its meaning is not well known.anáhuac is the term used by the aztecs to refer to the territory they dominated, e.g. the empire as a whole, including tributary peoples; and as such was among the terms proposed for the name of the new country prior to independence, as in, for example, congress of anáhuac, another name for the congress of chilpancingo.[25]
    mēxihco was the nahuatl term for the heartland of the aztec empire, namely, the valley of mexico, and its people, the mexica, and surrounding territories which became the future state of mexico as a division of new spain prior to independence; compare latium. it is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley which became the primary ethnonym for the aztec triple alliance as a result, or vice versa. it has been suggested that it is derived from mextli or mēxihtli, a secret name for the god of war and patron of the aztecs, huitzilopochtli, in which case mēxihco means "place where mēxihtli lives".[26]
    another hypothesis suggests that the word mēxihco derives from the mētztli ("moon"), xictli ("navel", "center" or "son"), and the suffix -co (place), in which case it means "place at the center of the moon" or "place at the center of the lake moon", in reference to lake texcoco.[27] the system of interconnected lakes, of which texcoco was at the center, had the form of a rabbit, the same image that the aztecs saw in the moon. tenochtitlan was located at the center (or navel) of the lake (or rabbit/moon).[27] still another hypothesis suggests that it is derived from mēctli, the goddess of maguey.
    the name of the city-state was transliterated to spanish as méxico with the phonetic value of the x in medieval spanish, which represented the voiceless postalveolar fricative /ʃ/. this sound, as well as the voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/, represented by a j, evolved into a voiceless velar fricative /x/ during the sixteenth century. this led to the use of the variant méjico in many publications in spanish, most notably in spain, whereas in mexico and most other spanish–speaking countries méxico was the preferred spelling. in recent years the real academia española, which regulates the spanish language, determined that both variants are acceptable in spanish but that the normative recommended spelling is méxico.[28] the majority of publications in all spanish-speaking countries now adhere to the new norm, even though the alternative variant is still occasionally used.[29] in english, the x in mexico represents neither the original nor the current sound, but the consonant cluster /ks/.
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  7. 32.
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    @4 bi gibim bildiğini sanan fakir bin ameriko vermedi Richar ameryk verdi dıbına kodumun cahili bi tak biliyorum diye geçiniyosun git cahillikler kitabından al bi tane parasını ben verıcem tamam sakinim
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  8. 33.
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    the etymology of the word denmark, and especially the relationship between danes and denmark and the unifying of denmark as a single kingdom, is a subject which attracts some debate.[11][12] the debate is centred primarily around the prefix "dan" and whether it refers to the dani or a historical person dan and the exact meaning of the -"mark" ending. the issue is further complicated by a number of references to various dani people in scandinavia or other places in europe in greek and roman accounts (like ptolemy, jordanes, and gregory of tours), as well as some mediaeval literature (like adam of bremen, beowulf, widsith and poetic edda).
    most handbooks derive[13] the first part of the word, and the name of the people, from a word meaning "flat land", related to german tenne "threshing floor", english den "cave", sanskrit dhánuṣ- (धनुस्; "desert"). the -mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south schleswig,[14] maybe similar to finnmark, hedmark, telemark or dithmarschen.[citation needed]
    in norse, the land was called danmǫrk
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  9. 34.
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    the name canada comes from a st. lawrence iroquoian word, kanata, meaning "village" or "settlement".[10] in 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day quebec city region used the word to direct french explorer jacques cartier towards the village of stadacona.[11] cartier later used the word canada to refer not only to that particular village, but also the entire area subject to donnacona (the chief at stadacona); by 1545, european books and maps had begun referring to this region as canada
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  10. 35.
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    during the period of romantic nationalism it was popular to trace the origin of the country's name back to an ancient ethnonym. after this pseudo-historical view was discarded, two main versions of the etymology emerged. naturally, the versions have different implications from a nationalist point of view, and are also based on different possible or certain meanings of the lexeme ukraina as it occurs in historical sources. according to one view, the term is taken to mean 'borderland' or simply 'land' (also 'in-land' or 'home-land', 'principality'), whilst in the other it is said to be derived from the old slavic word 'kraina', meaning 'country', and therefore, according to this understanding of the term, 'u-kraina' means 'in-country' or 'my-country'.[12] until the end of the 20th century, it was common practice to refer to ukraine as "the ukraine" in english[13] and such usage is still common[14] although not considered to be appropriate or accurate.
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