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within the last century, philosophy has increasingly become an activity practiced within the university, and accordingly it has grown more specialized and more distinct from the natural sciences. much of philosophy in this period concerns itself with explaining the relation between the theories of the natural sciences and the ideas of the humanities or common sense.
in the anglophone world, analytic philosophy became the dominant school. in the first half of the century, it was a cohesive school, more or less identical to logical positivism, united by the notion that philosophical problems could and should be solved by attention to logic and language. in the latter half of the 20th century, analytic philosophy diffused into a wide variety of disparate philosophical views, only loosely united by historical lines of influence and a self-identified commitment to clarity and rigor. recently, the experimental philosophy movement has reappraised philosophical problems through the techniques of social science research.
on continental europe, no single school or temperament enjoyed dominance. the flight of the logical positivists from central europe during the 1930s and 1940s, however, diminished philosophical interest in natural science, and an emphasis on the humanities, broadly construed, figures prominently in what is usually called "continental philosophy". 20th-century movements such as phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, critical theory, structuralism, and poststructuralism are included within this loose category.
major philosophers of the 20th century include:
ludwig wittgenstein, who profoundly shaped both logical positivism and ordinary language philosophy.[22]
bertrand russell, whose pioneering work in logic was a model for the early development of analytic philosophy.[23]
martin heidegger, who drew on the ideas of kierkegaard, nietzsche, and husserl to propose an existential approach to ontology.[24]
karl r. popper, whose work on falsifiability is seen as a major development in the philosophy of science.[25]
w.v.o. quine, whose work in logic and the philosophy of language underpinned a highly influential form of naturalism.[26]
saul kripke, whose work in modal logic and the philosophy of language led to a revival of metaphysics in english-speaking philosophy.[27]
john rawls, whose seminal work theory of justice revitalized the area of liberal political philosophy, moving away from a traditional analytic approach with his contractarian argument.[28]