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Ruud van Nistelrooy
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Ruud van Nistelrooy Ruud-van-Nistelrooy.jpg
Personal information
Full name Rutgerus Johannes
Martinus van Nistelrooij
Date of birth 1 July 1976 (1976-07-01) (age 34)
Place of birth Oss, North Brabant, Netherlands
Height 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)[1]
Playing position Striker
Club information
Current club Hamburg
Number 22
Senior career*
Years Team Apps† (Gls)†
1994–1997 Den Bosch 69 (17)
1997–1998 Heerenveen 31 (13)
1998–2001 PSV Eindhoven 67 (62)
2001–2006 Manchester United 150 (95)
2006–2010 Real Madrid 68 (46)
2010– Hamburg 12 (7)
National team‡
1998–2008 Netherlands 64 (33)
• Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18:45, 21 August 2010 (UTC).

† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 11:06, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Rutgerus Johannes Martinus van Nistelrooij (Dutch pronunciation: [ryt vɑn ˈnɪstəlroːi̯] ( listen); born 1 July 1976), better known as Ruud van Nistelrooy, is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a striker for Hamburg in the German Bundesliga. He is the second-highest goalscorer in Champions League history with 60 goals. He is a three-time Champions League top scorer, as well as a top scorer in three different European domestic leagues.

Van Nistelrooy began his career with Den Bosch, before moving onto Heerenveen, eventually making a name for himself at PSV Eindhoven where he won two Dutch leagues. His goalscoring record at PSV attracted attention from Manchester United; a deal was in place in the summer of 2000, but because of injury problems his move was secured a year later for a then British record fee of £19m. His time at United was successful, winning the Premier League, FA Cup, League Cup and FA Community Shield, along with winning the Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year twice. Van Nistelrooy hit 150 goals in just 219 games for United, as well as being their all time European record goalscorer, but fell out of favour towards the end of his tenure with Real Madrid then securing his services in 2006. Although an injury blighted the end of his days with Madrid, he did win La Liga twice and the Supercopa de España before signing for Hamburg during the January transfer window in 2010.

Van Nistelrooy made his Netherlands debut in 1998 and went on to score 33 goals in 64 internationals for them, leaving him joint third all-time top scorer for his country. He announced his retirement from international football in 2007, before being persuaded to play again, but announced his retirement again in 2008 after the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Club career
o 1.1 Early career
o 1.2 Manchester United
o 1.3 Real Madrid
o 1.4 Hamburg
* 2 International career
* 3 Personal life
o 3.1 Family
o 3.2 Charity work
* 4 Statistics
o 4.1 Club
o 4.2 International
* 5 Honours
o 5.1 Club
o 5.2 Individual
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] Club career
[edit] Early career

Born in Oss, North Brabant, Van Nistelrooy started his professional career in 1993 with Dutch second division side Den Bosch, where he was converted from a central defender to centre forward after playing part-time for Nooit Gedacht and Magriet. After netting 12 goals in 31 games in the 1996–97 campaign, he transferred for €360,000 to Heerenveen the next year, and scored 13 goals in 31 matches in his only season with the club. He was then signed by PSV Eindhoven the next season for €6.3 million, a then-record transfer sum between two Dutch teams.

He scored 31 goals in 34 matches, the highest season total in the Eredivisie and second-highest in Europe overall, in addition to scoring all three of PSV's goals in a Champions League match against HJK Helsinki on 25 November 1998. Van Nistelrooy capped off the year by winning the Dutch Player of the Year award. The next season, he won his second Eredivisie scoring title with 29 goals. According to a 2001 interview with The Telegraph, Manchester United coach Alex Ferguson said that his son Darren, who was at tryouts for Eredivisie rival Heerenveen at the time, begged his father, "You've got to sign Van Nistelrooy right away, he's fantastic. We've been watching him."[2] Ferguson sent team representatives to PSV's next league game and signed Van Nistelrooy the next day.[2]

Van Nistelrooy looked set to complete an £18.5 million transfer to Manchester United in the summer of 2000. A press conference had been called to confirm Van Nistelrooy's arrival, but instead this was used to announce that the transfer had been delayed over concerns about his fitness. Days later, he suffered ruptured cruciate knee ligaments during a training session and the deal was axed.[3] When the transaction was completed in April 2001, United were forced to pay PSV an additional £500,000 for the player's services.
[edit] Manchester United
Van Nistelrooy playing for Manchester United against Chelsea.

Van Nistelrooy signed a five-year contract after passing his medical.[4] He downplayed United's £19 million investment to reporters, saying "The price is not heavy for me – it lifts me up because it means United have big confidence in me."[2] During his first season, Van Nistelrooy scored 23 goals in 32 league games. He broke the record he shared with Mark Stein, Alan Shearer and Thierry Henry, by scoring in eight consecutive league games. He also scored 10 Champions League goals, and was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year. The following season, he finished as the top Premier League scorer with 25 in 34 games, including three hat-tricks, and he ended the season on another eight-game scoring streak.[5][dead link] He started the 2003–04 season by scoring twice in his first two league matches, which boosted his goals in consecutive games record to 10 matches in a row. He scored his 100th goal for the club in a 4–3 victory over Everton on 7 February 2004. He scored two goals, one a penalty, in United's victory over Millwall in the 2004 FA Cup Final.[6]

Van Nistelrooy missed most of the 2004–05 season due to injury, but nonetheless scored a Champions League-best eight goals. One of them was his thirtieth career European goal, which he scored in a 2–2 Champions League group stage draw with Lyon on 16 September 2004, overtaking Denis Law's previous club record of 28 goals. Law later said to reporters, "I'm delighted for Ruud. It could not happen to a nicer guy."[7] Manchester United were eliminated by eventual finalists Milan in the knockout stage after going scoreless in both legs.

At the start of the 2005–06 season, Van Nistelrooy scored in United's first four Premier League games. He finished as the second-highest league scorer with 21 goals, behind Arsenal's Thierry Henry. By the end of his fifth season with United, Van Nistelrooy had amassed 150 goals in fewer than 200 starts.
Van Nistelrooy shields the ball during a match against Tottenham Hotspur.

Van Nistelrooy was benched for the League Cup final against Wigan Athletic, fuelling speculation of a rift between him and coach Alex Ferguson, which Van Nistelrooy denied. He was nonetheless left on the bench for six consecutive league matches, and though he then returned to the starting line-up and scored match-winners against West Ham United and Bolton Wanderers, fresh doubt spread over Van Nistelrooy's future when he was benched for United's season finale win over Charlton Athletic. Ferguson claimed that Van Nistelrooy was angry at the decision and left the stadium three hours before kick-off.

On 9 May 2006, Setanta Sports reported that Van Nistelrooy's exclusion from the squad was due to a training session fight between him and team-mate Cristiano Ronaldo. Van Nistelrooy allegedly criticised Ronaldo's tendency to hold onto the ball instead of passing to his team-mates, which sparked the fight, after which Van Nistelrooy remarked, "Go crying to your daddy." The article claimed that this was not a reference to Ronaldo's father (who had died earlier in the season), but to United's Portuguese assistant coach, Carlos Queiroz.[8][dead link]

Van Nistelrooy signed with Spanish side Real Madrid on 28 July 2006, departing Manchester United after five seasons with a total of 150 goals in 220 appearances, as well as the club's all-time European scoring record with 38 goals.
[edit] Real Madrid
Van Nistelrooy in action for Real Madrid.

On 15 July 2006, Ferguson confirmed that Van Nistelrooy wanted to leave Manchester United, and Real Madrid announced two weeks later that he had signed a three-year contract after bein
Van Nistelrooy scored a hat-trick in his second league match against Levante and, on 12 November 2006, he scored all four of Real Madrid's goals in a 4–1 victory over Osasuna. He won the league's Pichichi award with 25 goals as Real Madrid took home the 2006–07 title, and he also equalled the longest consecutive scoring streak in La Liga history with seven straight matches, tying a league record shared by Hugo Sánchez.[10]
Van Nistelrooy on the road with Real Madrid.

In January 2008, Van Nistelrooy signed a contract extension keeping him with Madrid until 2010, with the expiration date one day shy of his 34th birthday.[11] He underwent ankle surgery in March,[12] and returned for the El Clásico derby against Barcelona on 7 May, in which he netted a penalty two minutes after coming on as a substitute.[13] He finished the season with 20 goals in 32 appearances.

In November 2008, Real Madrid announced that Van Nistelrooy would miss the remainder of the 2008–09 season after exploratory arthroscopic surgery revealed a partially torn meniscus in his right knee

Andy van der Meijde, anglicised to van der Meyde, (born 30 September 1979 in Arnhem, Gelderland) is a Dutch footballer, who is currently a free agent.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Club career
o 1.1 Ajax
o 1.2 Internazionale
o 1.3 Everton
o 1.4 PSV Eindhoven
* 2 International career
o 2.1 International goal
* 3 References
* 4 External links

[edit] Club career
[edit] Ajax

Van der Meyde signed up with the Ajax youth academy as a youngster, and made his first team debut aged just 18, helping his side beat Twente 1–0 on 12 November 1997. In 1999, in order to gain first-team experience, he was loaned to Twente for a season, and was an undisputed starter for a team that finished sixth.

It would be in the 2001–02 season that van der Meyde established himself as starter at Ajax. After a turbulent first half to the season, Ronald Koeman was instated as head coach. Van der Meyde would become an integral part in the rebuilding of the team, and would make the number 7 position his own. The season ended in huge success for both player and club, as Ajax conquered the double, with van der Meyde netting five times in the league.

In 2002–03, van der Meyde became a key member of a young and successful team – one that included stars such as Ahmed Hossam Mido, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Rafael van der Vaart, Wesley Sneijder, Steven Pienaar and Cristian Chivu. The club's Champions League run would be the major highlight, as Ajax marched past the likes of Lyon, Rosenborg, Valencia, Arsenal and AS Roma, against whom van der Meyde scored an away goal (1–1), thanks to which Ajax advanced to the competition's second group stage. He netted a career-best total of 11 goals in the 2002–03 season.
[edit] Internazionale

Van der Meyde was snapped up by Italian Serie A side Internazionale for £4 million.[1] However, he managed only 14 league appearances in his first season. He would be remembered for his spectacular goal against Arsenal in the 2003–04 Champions League match, at Highbury.[2]
[edit] Everton

After 29 appearances for Inter in the 2004–05 season, van der Meyde was informed that he would be allowed to find another club. Strong speculation suggested a return to Ajax, with additional reported interest from French Ligue 1 club AS Monaco and English Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur. However, on 31 August 2005, he agreed a contract with another Premier League club, Everton for £2 million. On 25 March 2006, in his first Merseyside derby against Liverpool, he received a straight red card for his challenge on Liverpool's Xabi Alonso. Everton eventually lost the match 3–1.

In the summer of 2006, van der Meyde proved once again to be the centre of much speculation regarding his future, having failed to properly settle at Everton, making only 11 appearances in his first season thanks to a combination of injuries and rumours of alcoholism. He staunchly denied any such allegations and reaffirmed his commitment to Everton in June 2006, stating

"I want to stay, I am desperate to stay. I love it here. Everything suits my game. I'm happy in England and I want to show everyone that I can really play football. If I get the chance next season, I will do it."[3]

Van der Meyde was admitted to hospital in the early hours of 7 August, with breathing problems. It was claimed that his drink had been spiked whilst in a bar in Liverpool. He was fined by Everton for breach of discipline. To further add to a miserable week, his house was burgled during Everton's friendly with Athletic de Bilbao five days later. His Ferrari, Mini Cooper, and dog were amongst the items stolen. The cars and pet dog were since found, although the Ferrari had its windscreen smashed.[4] In March 2007, van der Meyde accused manager David Moyes of telling 'downright lies' in regard to his fitness. He apologised afterwards.

In July 2007, van der Meyde played a full 90 minutes in Coleraine, Northern Ireland. In arguably his most successful pre-season at the club, he went on to complete several friendly matches in an attempt to gain fitness ahead of the new Premier League campaign. However, van der Meyde further cast a doubt over his Everton future by failing to turn up for a scheduled training session. After a string of disciplinary problems, rumours (which proved to be inaccurate) grew that Moyes would opt to sell the player before the end of the transfer window.[citation needed]

On 18 August 2007, van der Meyde was suspended following a 'breach of club discipline', because he had failed to appear at training, being fined two weeks' wages, a total of £50,000.[5][6] Following this, he did not make a first team appearance for over a year and was limited to just reserve team football.

On 10 June 2007, it emerged that several clubs were interested in signing van der Meyde including Red Bull Salzburg, but he chose to stay at Everton, citing being settled in the area and his daughter requiring medical attention from local hospitals.[7]

On 7 December 2008, he returned to first-team football, playing five minutes for an injury-hit Everton side in a 3-2 home defeat to Aston Villa. The following month, he was brought on as a substitute in the FA Cup fourth round replay against Liverpool, assisting Dan Gosling's winning strike in the 118th minute.[8] When van der Meyde's contract ended in the summer of 2009 he was released by Everton.
[edit] PSV Eindhoven

He spent six months unattached before agreeing a short-term deal with PSV Eindhoven in January 2010 until June.[9] On 23 April 2010, van der Meyde made his PSV debut in a 3-0 friendly win over VVV-Venlo.
[edit] International career

In May 2002, van der Meyde was handed his debut for Dick Advocaat's Dutch national squad against USA, which he marked with a memorable goal in a 2–0 victory.

In the summer of 2004, van der Meyde helped Holland reach the semi-finals of Euro 2004, featuring in four matches in the build-up to the semifinals against Portugal, being however overlooked for that game. Since Euro 2004, when Marco van Basten took over as national team coach, he has not received a call-up to the Dutch national team due the emergence of younger players such as Arjen Robben, Robin van Persie and Rafael van der Vaart.
[edit] International goal
Andy van der Meyde: International goals # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1. May 2002 CMGI Field United States 1 – 0 2 – 0 Friendly match

AFC Ajax

* Eredivisie: 1997–98, 2001–2002
* KNVB Cup: 1998, 1999, 2002
* Johan Cruijff Shield: 2002, runner-up 1998, 1999

F.C. Internazionale Milano

* Coppa Italia: 2005
* Supercoppa Italiana: 2005

Everton F.C.

* Liverpool Senior Cup: 2005, 2007

[edit] References

Albert Einstein
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Albert Einstein
Head and shoulders photo of Einstein with moustache and graying, curly hair, smiling slightly
Albert Einstein, 1921
Born 14 March 1879(1879-03-14)
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died 18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Resting place Grounds of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.
Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, USA
Ethnicity Jewish
Citizenship

* Württemberg/Germany (until 1896)
* Stateless (1896–1901)
* Switzerland (from 1901)
* Austria (1911–12)
* Germany (1914–33)
* Albania (from 1935)[1]
* United States (from 1940)[2]

Alma mater

* ETH Zurich
* University of Zurich

Known for

* General relativity
* Special relativity
* Photoelectric effect
* Brownian motion
* Mass-energy equivalence
* Einstein field equations
* Unified Field Theory
* Bose–Einstein statistics

Spouse(s)

* Mileva Marić (1903–1919)
* Elsa Löwenthal, née Einstein, (1919–1936)

Awards

* Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
* Copley Medal (1925)
* Max Planck Medal (1929)
* Time Person of the Century

Signature

Albert Einstein (pronounced /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. A German-Swiss Nobel laureate, he is often regarded as the father of modern physics.[3] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[4]

His many contributions to physics include the special and general theories of relativity, the founding of relativistic cosmology, the first post-Newtonian expansion, the explanation of the perihelion precession of Mercury, the prediction of the deflection of light by gravity (gravitational lensing), the first fluctuation dissipation theorem which explained the Brownian motion of molecules, the photon theory and the wave-particle duality, the quantum theory of atomic motion in solids, the zero-point energy concept, the semi-classical version of the Schrödinger equation, and the quantum theory of a monatomic gas which predicted Bose–Einstein condensation.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific and over 150 non-scientific works; he additionally wrote and commentated prolifically on various philosophical and political subjects.[5] His great intelligence and originality has made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.[6]
Contents
[hide]

y life and education
A young boy with short hair and a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.
Einstein at the age of 4.

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.[7] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.[7]
Studio photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front of a backdrop of scenery.
Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14).

The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Their son attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five until ten.[8] Although Einstein had early speech difficulties, he was a top student in elementary school.[9][10]

His father once showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space".[11] As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics.[7] In 1889, Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey) introduced the ten-year old Einstein to key texts in science, mathematics and philosophy, including Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Euclid's Elements (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").[12] Talmud was a poor Jewish medical student from Poland. The Jewish community arranged for Talmud to take meals with the Einsteins each week on Thursdays for six years. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests.[13][14]

In 1894, his father's company failed: direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. In the spring of 1895, he withdrew to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note.[7] During this time, Einstein wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields".[15]

Einstein applied directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland. Lacking the requisite Matura certificate, he took an entrance examination, which he failed, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics.[16] The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, in northern Switzerland to finish secondary school.[7] While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with the family's daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Winteler son, Paul.)[17] In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. At age 17, he graduated, and, with his father's approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, and in 1896 he enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Polytechnic in Zurich. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.

Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year, the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900 Einstein was awarded the Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Marić failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions.[18] There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his celebrated 1905 papers[19][20], but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.[21][22][23][24]
Marriages and children
Mergefrom.svg
It has been suggested that Lieserl Einstein be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

In early 1902, Einstein and Mileva Marić had a daughter they named Lieserl in their correspondence, who was born in Novi Sad where Marić's parents lived.[25] Her full name is not known, and her fate is uncertain after 1903.[26]

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, the couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zurich in July 1910. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin, while his wife remained in Zurich with their sons. Marić and Einstein divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years.

Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal (née Einstein) on 2 June 1919, after having had a relationship with her since 1912. She was his first cousin maternally and his second cousin paternally. In 1933, they emigrated permanently to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems and died in December 1936.[27]
Patent office
Three young men in suits with high white collars and bow ties, sitting.
Left to right: Conrad Habicht, Maurice Solovine and Einstein, who founded the Olympia Academy
Attached stone dwelling with drapery visible in the windows. It is over a first story restaurant.
Einstein's home in Bern

After graduating, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post, but a former classmate's father helped him secure a job in Bern, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner.[28] He evaluated patent applications for electromagnetic devices. In 1903, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology".[29]

Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.[30]

With a few friends he met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group, self-mockingly named "The Olympia Academy", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the works of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.
Academic career

#
1. 15741760 * :o :( /msj ?
2. evet arkadaşlar

Belirli enerji seviyelerinde (aşağıya doğru artarak: n=1,2,3,... ) ve açısal momentum'lardaki (sağa doğru artarak: s, p, d,... ) bir hidrojen atomu elektronunun dalga fonksiyonları. Daha parlak olan bölgeler elektronun pozisyonu içim daha yüksek olasılık genliğine işaret ediyor. Kuantum mekaniği; nicem mekaniği veya dalga mekaniği adlarıyla da anılır.

ingilizce'de quantum (Latince: 'quantus', "ne kadar") olarak kullanılan terim, kuramın belirli fiziksel nicelikler için kullandığı kegibli birimlere gönderme yapar. Kuantum mekaniğinin temelleri 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli gibi bilim adamlarınca atılmıştır. Belirsizlik ilkesi, anti madde, Planck sabiti, karacisim ışınımı, dalga kuramı, alan teorileri gibi kavram ve kuramlar bu alanda geliştirilmiş ve klagib fiziğin sarsılmasına ve değiştirilmesine sebep olmuştur.

]
Klagib mekanik çok başarılı olmasına karşın, 1800'lü yılların sonlarına doğru, kara cisim ışıması (blackbody radiation), tayf çizgileri, fotoelektrik etki gibi bir takım olayları açıklamada yetersiz kalmıştır. Açıklamaların yanlışlığı bilim adamlarının yetersizliğinden değil aksine klagib mekaniğin yetersizliğinden kaynaklanıyordu. En yalın halde klagib mekanik evreni bir "süreklilik" olarak modelliyordu. 1900 yılında Max Planck enerji'nin, 1905 yılında ise Albert Einstein ışığın paketçiklerden oluştuğunu, yani süreksizlik gösterdiğini, bazı deneyleri açıklamak için bir varsayım olarak kullanmak zorunda kaldılar. Elbette bu iki darbe klagib mekaniği yıkmadı. Uzunca bir süre bilim adamları bu süreksizliği klagib mekanik kuramlarından türetmek için uğraştı. Yine aynı yıllarda atomun iç yapısı üzerine yapılan deneyler korkunç bir gerçeği gözler önüne serdi. Ernest Rutherford yaptığı deneyle atomun küçük bir çekirdeğe sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Bu dönemde elektronun varlığı biliniyordu. Bu durumda eğer negatif yüklü elektronlar pozitif çekirdeğin etrafında dairesel hareket yapıyorlarsa, çok kısa bir zaman diliminde elektronlar çekirdeğe düşeceklerdi. Bu elektromanyetik teoriye göre açıklanacak olursa, ivmelenen yükler ışıma yapar, dairesel haraket de ivmeli bir hareket olduğu için, elektron bu ışımayla enerji yayacak ve çekirdeğe düşüp sistem çökecekti. Geçiçi çözüm Niels Bohr tarafından geldi. Elektronlar belli kuantizasyon kurallarınca, belli yörüngelerde hareket ediyorlar, enerjileri belli bir değere ulaşmadıkça ışıma yapamıyorlar bu sayede sistem dengede durabiliyordu. Bu geçici çözüm küçük atomlarda işe yaradıysada daha büyük kütlelerde işe yaramıyordu. Bohr atom modeline, modeli deneylere uydurulmak için birçok yama yapıldı. Ne var ki Bohr'un "yamalı bohça"sı 1920'lere gelindiğinde artık iş görmüyordu, tayf çizgilerinin gözlenen yoğunluğunu yanlış veriyor, çok elektronlu atomlarda salınım ve emilim dalgaboylarını tahmin etmede başarısız oluyor, atomik sistemlerin zamana bağlı hareket denklemini vermedeki başarısızlığı gibi birkaç konuda daha gerçekleri gösteremiyordu. Kuantum mekaniğini Planck doğurduysa, bebekliğinin sonu da De Broglie ile gelmiştir. Louis de Broglie; birçok elçi, bakan ve Dük yetiştirmiş, aristokrat bir Fransız ailesinin çocuğuydu. Tarih eğitimi gördükten sonra fiziğe geçmiş ve 1923'te verdiği doktora tezinde, ışığın hem dalga hem de parçacık karakteri olmasından esinlenerek, aslında bütün madde çeşitlerinin aynı özelliği gösterebileceğini önerdi. Ortaya koyduğu fikir, Bohr'un "gizemli" yörüngelerini açıklamada başarılı oluyordu.

Işığın girişim, kırınım yaptığı, yani dalga özelliği gösterdiği, Thomas Young'in yaptığı çift yarık deneyi ile gösterilmişti. Ama tüm madde parçacıklarının, su dalgaları ile aynı matematiksel özellikleri göstereceği beklenmiyordu.

Max Planck 1900 yılında karacisim ışınımı problemini (morötesi facia diye de anılır), çözmek için

denklemini kullanmıştı. Bu denklem, foton kavrdıbının başlangıcı oldu; çünkü ν frekansındaki elektron salınımından oluşan ışığın, klagib mekanikle uyuşmayan bir şekilde sadece, h*ν nun tamsayı katlarında enerji taşıyabileceğini göstermişti. 'h', günümüzde Planck sabiti adıyla anılır.

Fotonlar dalga özelliği gösterirse madde de gösterebilir analojisinin yanında önemli bir ipucu da Einstein'in birkaç yıl önce özel görelilik ispatında kullandığı Lorentz Dönüşümleri idi.

Buna göre, serbest bir parçacık, fazı x, zamanı t olan bir dalga ile ifade edilirse, 2*π*(k*x - ν*t) , ve bu faz Lorentz dönüşümlerinde sabit kalacaksa, k vektörü ve ν frekansı, x ve t gibi dönüşmelilerdi. Ya da diğer bir deyişle, p ve E gibi. Bunun mümkün olabilmesi için, k ve ν, p ve E ile aynı hız bağımlılığına sahip olmalılardı, bu yüzden de onlarla doğru orantılı olmalılardı.

Fotonlar icin E=h*ν olduğundan, madde için de

varsayımlarını yapmak 'doğal' gözükmüştür.

Herhangi bir kapalı yörüngenin 1/|k| nın tam katı olması varsayımı ile, de Broglie, deneysel olarak gözlenen ve Sommerfeld ve Bohr tarafindan "kuantize olma şartları" olarak anılan şartları matematiksel olarak kolayca türetti. Bu türetme gayet gizemli bir şekilde doğru sonuçlar verince (Davisson ve Germer, 1927 yılında Bell Laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirdikleri deneyle, elektronların da aynı ışık gibi girişim yaptığını ortaya koydular. Deney 1924'te de Brogli tarafından önerilmişti) insanlar deneysel olarak başka şeyleri tahmin etmesini de beklediler.

Elbette yanıldılar çünkü bu şartlar serbest ışık parçaları için yola çıkan varsayımların, çekirdeğe bağlı elektronlar için uyarlanmasıydı ve çok ileri zütürülmemesi gerekiyordu.