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Raúl González
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For other people named Raúl González, see Raúl González (disambiguation).
This is a Spanish name; the first family name is González and the second is Blanco.
Raúl Raul Gonzalez 10mar2007.jpg
Personal information
Full name Raúl González Blanco
Date of birth 27 June 1977 (1977-06-27) (age 33)
Place of birth Madrid, Spain
Height 1.82 m (5 ft 11 1⁄2 in)[1]
Playing position Striker
Club information
Current club Schalke 04
Number 7
Youth career
1987–1990 San Cristóbal de los Ángeles
1990–1992 Atlético Madrid
1992–1994 Real Madrid
Senior career*
Years Team Apps† (Gls)†
1994 Real Madrid C 9 (16)
1994 Real Madrid B 1 (0)
1994–2010 Real Madrid 550 (228)
2010– Schalke 04 1 (0)
National team‡
1994 Spain U18 2 (4)
1995 Spain U20 5 (3)
1995–1996 Spain U21 9 (8)
1996 Spain U23 4 (2)
1996–2006 Spain 102 (44)
• Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 21 August 2010.

† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 24 April 2010

Raúl González Blanco (born 27 June 1977 in Madrid, Spain), known simply as Raúl, is a Spanish footballer who plays as a striker. He currently plays for German club Schalke 04, in the Bundesliga.[2] Raul has spent most of his career playing for Spanish club Real Madrid until 2010 and is the club's all-time top goalscorer. Raúl is a three-time winner of the UEFA Champions League and has long been the competition's all-time leading goal scorer. He left Real Madrid on 25 July 2010, having scored 323 goals in 740 appearances.[3][4][5][6] He is also the all-time top goalscorer for the Spanish national side.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Club career
o 1.1 Youth clubs
o 1.2 Real Madrid
o 1.3 Schalke 04
* 2 International career
* 3 Personal life
* 4 Honours
o 4.1 Club
o 4.2 Individual
o 4.3 Orders
* 5 Statistics
o 5.1 Club goals
o 5.2 International goals
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] Club career
[edit] Youth clubs

Raúl career began at his local team San Cristóbal de los Ángeles playing for their Alevín team and the Infantil the next season. He signed with Atlético Madrid's Infantil team and won a national title with the Cadete team the following season. After Atlético's president Jesús Gil closed the youth academy as a cost-saving measure, Raúl moved on to Real Madrid's Cadete team. The following season, he was promoted to the Juvenil C team but subsequently played for Juvenil B, Juvenil A and Junior teams.
[edit] Real Madrid
Raúl González in 2009

Started his professional career in the 1994-95 season with Real Madrid C, but was promoted to first team by coach Jorge Valdano after a few games. He became the youngest player (seventeen years and four months) ever to play for the senior side, scoring in his second senior game against derby rivals Atlético Madrid. In all, Raúl registered nine goals in 28 appearances to help Real Madrid win the 1994–95 league championship in his first season. Over the next eight seasons, he won several honours, including another three La Liga titles and three Champions Leagues. For most of this time, Raúl struck up a prolific scoring partnership with Fernando Morientes (and later, Ronaldo). Raúl took over the captaincy of Real Madrid when Fernando Hierro was transferred in 2003, a responsibility he held until leaving the club in 2010. Unusually for such a successful and long-serving player, and despite appearing in two finals, 2002 (in which he scored) and 2004, Raúl has never won the Copa del Rey (Spanish Cup).

He became the first player to score fifty Champions League goals when he netted in a 2–1 group stage win over Olympiacos on 28 September 2005,[7] and continues to be the all-time leader in both Champions League goals (66) and appearances (128).[8] He was also the first player to score in two Champions League finals, netting in the finals of both 2000 against Valencia in Paris, and 2002 against Bayer Leverkusen in Glasgow. Samuel Eto'o later equalled this feat, scoring in the 2006 final against Arsenal and in 2009 against Manchester United.

Raúl holds the distinction of having never received a red card throughout his 15 years at the professional level.[9] On 11 November 2008, Raúl scored his 300th goal for Real Madrid with a hat-trick against Real Unión, with Real winning the game 4–3 but being eliminated on away goals after drawing 6–6 on aggregate.[10] He has scored 322 career goals for Real Madrid, breaking the long-standing club record of Alfredo di Stéfano with a volleyed goal against Sporting Gijon on 15 February 2009. He is also the top active La Liga goalscorer with 227 of his 322 goals scored in La Liga matches,[11] and is presently third on the all-time list, which is headed by Telmo Zarra with 251 goals.[12] Raúl holds the record of all-time top La Liga scorer for Real Madrid with 227, a record previously held by Alfredo di Stéfano.
Raúl González

Raúl and fellow long-serving teammate Iker Casillas were both awarded a 'contract for life' in 2008 – the terms of which stipulate that it will be renewed annually for as long as they play 30 games per season.[13] On 23 September 2009, Raúl equaled former veteran and legend Manolo Sanchís' league appearance record for Real Madrid,[14] and is now the second in the La Liga behind Andoni Zubizarreta who played 622 games.[15]

The club confirmed on 25 July 2010 that Raúl would be leaving the club, a day after Guti confirmed he too would be leaving the club after 25 years.[4]
[edit] Schalke 04

Raúl signed a 2 year contract with FC Schalke 04 on 28 July 2010, ending speculation about his future. Schalke coach Felix Magath hailed the signing as "Great news for Schalke" and "we have succeeded in signing such an exceptional footballer."[2] He scored his first goals for the club on 1 August 2010 in a 3-1 victory over Bayern Munich in the final of the 2010 LIGA total! Cup. He made his Bundesliga debut on 21 August 2010, in a 2-1 defeat against Hamburg.[16]
[edit] International career

Raúl began his rise in the international scene with the youth teams and was chosen to represent Spain at the 1995 FIFA World Youth Championship, scoring 2 goals. He has scored a national record 44 goals in 102 caps for Spain. He is also second in terms of caps won for Spain, with 102.[17] The former captain has made more international appearances for Spain than any other outfield player. Raúl was not chosen for Euro 1996 and had to wait until October 1996 to earn his first senior cap against the Czech Republic. He participated in three World Cups from 1998 to 2006, along with Euro 2000 and Euro 2004, scoring at least one goal in each of the three World Cup competitions. Raúl took over the team captaincy following the retirement of Fernando Hierro in 2002, but has not been chosen for the national team since September 2006, following a shock 3–2 defeat against Northern Ireland in Belfast (a game in which Raúl hit the post late on). In addition, he was not selected for the UEFA Euro 2008 final tournament (which Spain eventually won) as Luis Aragonés preferred Fernando Torres and David Villa. His clubmate and goalkeeper Iker Casillas succeeded him as captain.

Of his 44 international goals, Raúl scored 25 goals in competitive games, 6 of which were in the finals of major tournaments. In a Euro 2000 qualifier, on 27 March 1999, Raúl scored one of only two international hat-tricks during Spain's 9–0 rout of Austria.[18] Interestingly, another international hat-trick was scored 4 days later, against San Marino during the same qualifying tournament.
[edit] Personal life

For many years, Raúl's goal celebration has consisted of kissing his wedding ring as an acknowledgment to his wife Mamen Sanz who he married in 1999 and with whom he has four sons and a daughter: Jorge, named after Jorge Valdano, Hugo after Hugo Sánchez, twins Héctor and Mateo named after Héctor Rial and Lothar Matthäus[19] and María.[20] He enjoys reading, especially the books of Arturo Pérez Reverte, and listening to Spanish music.
[edit] Honours
[edit] Club

Real Madrid

* La Liga (6): 1994–95, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08
* Supercopa de España (4): 1997, 2001, 2003, 2008
* UEFA Champions League (3): 1997–98, 1999–00, 2001–02
* UEFA Super Cup (1): 2002
* Intercontinental Cup (2): 1998, 2002

[edit] Individual

* Don Balón Award for Breakthrough Player in La Liga: 1995
* IFFHS World Goalgetter: 1999
* Euro 2000 Team of the Tournament
* ESM Team of the Year: 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–00
* Pichichi Trophy (2): 1999, 2001
* UEFA Champions League Top Scorer: 1999-00, 2000–2001
* UEFA Chapions League Best Forward(3): 1990–00, 2000–01, 2001–02
* FIFA World Player of the Year Bronze Award: 2001
* European Footballer of the Year Silver Award: 2001
* UEFA Club Forward of the Year (3): 1999–00, 2000–01, 2001–02
* Premio Don Balón for Best Spanish player in La Liga (5): 1996–97, 1998–99, 1999–00, 2000–01, 2001–02
* FIFA 100
* Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano: 2008[21][22]
* Madrid Gold Medal: 2009[23]
* Golden Foot 2nd place: 2009
* In the world team of the Decade by mirrorfootball: 2009[24]
* Real Madrid Record Goalscorer: 323 Goals
* Real Madrid Record Appearance Maker: 741 Games
* Spain all time top scorer: 44 goals (1st)

Pichichi Trophy
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Jump to: navigation, search

In Spanish football, the Pichichi is the trophy awarded by Spanish sports newspaper Marca to the top goalscorer for each league season. The award is named after the famous Athletic Bilbao player, Rafael Moreno "Pichichi".

A similar award for goalkeepers is called the Ricardo Zamora Trophy.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Current ranking
* 2 Winners
o 2.1 Primera División
+ 2.1.1 Top 5 Pichichi winners
+ 2.1.2 Teams with the most titles
+ 2.1.3 By country
+ 2.1.4 Players with most goals in a season
+ 2.1.5 Players with most consecutive trophies
o 2.2 Segunda División
* 3 Similar trophies
* 4 Related articles
* 5 References

[edit] Current ranking

End of 2009-2010 season, after Matchday 38.[1]
Rank Player Club Goals
1 Lionel Messi Barcelona 34
2 Gonzalo Higuaín Real Madrid 27
3 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 26
4 David Villa Valencia 21
5 Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 18
[edit] Winners
[edit] Primera División
Season Player Country Club Goals
1928–29 Paco Bienzobas Spain Spain Real Sociedad 14
1929–30 Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Spain Athletic Bilbao 19
1930–31 Bata Spain Spain Athletic Bilbao 27
1931–32 Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao 12
1932–33 Manuel Olivares Spain Madrid CF 16
1933–34 Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo CF 27
1934–35 Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo CF 26
1935-36 Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo CF 27
1939-40 Víctor Unamuno Spain Athletic Bilbao 26
1940-41 Pruden Spain Atlético Aviación 30
1941-42 Mundo Spain Valencia 27
1942-43 Mariano Martín Spain Barcelona 32
1943-44 Mundo Spain Valencia 27
1944-45 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 19
1945-46 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 24
1946-47 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 34
1947-48 Pahiño Spain Celta de Vigo 23
1948-49 César Spain Barcelona 28
1949-50 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 25
1950-51 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 38
1951-52 Pahiño Spain Real Madrid 28
1952-53 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 24
1953-54 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 27
1954-55 Juan Arza Spain Sevilla 28
1955-56 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 24
1956-57 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 31
1957-58 Manuel Badenes Spain Real Valladolid 19
Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 19
Ricardo Spain Valencia 19
1958-59 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 23
1959-60 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 26
1960-61 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 27
1961-62 Juan Seminario Peru Real Zaragoza 25
1962-63 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 26
1963-64 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 20
1964-65 Cayetano Ré Paraguay Barcelona 25
1965-66 Vavá Spain Elche 19
1966-67 Waldo Brazil Valencia 24
1967-68 Fidel Uriarte Spain Atlético Bilbao 22
1968-69 Amancio Spain Real Madrid 14
José Eulogio Gárate Spain Atlético Madrid 14
1969-70 Amancio Spain Real Madrid 16
Luis Aragonés Spain Atlético Madrid 16
José Eulogio Gárate Spain Atlético Madrid 16
1970-71 José Eulogio Gárate Spain Atlético Madrid 17
Carles Rexach Spain Barcelona 17
1971-72 Enrique Porta Spain Granada 20
1972-73 Marianín Spain Real Oviedo 19
1973-74 Quini Spain Real Gijón 20
1974-75 Carlos Spain Atlético Bilbao 19
1975-76 Quini Spain Sporting de Gijón 18
1976-77 Mario Kempes Argentina Valencia 24
1977-78 Mario Kempes Argentina Valencia 28
1978-79 Hans Krankl Austria Barcelona 29
1979-80 Quini Spain Sporting de Gijón 24
1980-81 Quini Spain Barcelona 20
1981-82 Quini Spain Barcelona 26
1982-83 Poli Rincón Spain Real Betis 20
1983-84 Jorge da Silva Uruguay Real Valladolid 17
Juanito Spain Real Madrid 17
1984-85 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Atlético Madrid 19
1985-86 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 22
1986-87 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 34
1987-88 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 29
1988-89 Baltazar Brazil Atlético Madrid 35
1989-90 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 38
1990-91 Emilio Butragueño Spain Real Madrid 19
1991-92 Manolo Spain Atlético Madrid 27
1992-93 Bebeto Brazil Deportivo La Coruña 29
1993-94 Romário Brazil Barcelona 30
1994-95 Iván Zamorano Chile Real Madrid 28
1995-96 Juan Antonio Pizzi Argentina Tenerife 31
1996-97 Ronaldo Brazil Barcelona 34
1997-98 Christian Vieri Italy Atlético Madrid 24
1998–99 Raúl Spain Real Madrid 25
1999–00 Salva Ballesta Spain Racing de Santander 27
2000–01 Raúl Spain Real Madrid 24
2001–02 Diego Tristán Spain Deportivo La Coruña 21
2002–03 Roy Makaay Netherlands Deportivo La Coruña 29
2003–04 Ronaldo Brazil Real Madrid 24
2004–05 Diego Forlán Uruguay Villarreal 25
2005–06 Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Barcelona 26
2006–07 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Real Madrid 25
2007–08 Dani Güiza Spain Mallorca 27
2008–09 Diego Forlán Uruguay Atlético Madrid 32
2009–10 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 34

şu kadarını söyliyim sana!!!

at nine o'clock on the morning of september 11th 2001, president george bush sat in an elementary school in sarasota, florida, listening to seven-year-olds read stories about goats. “night fell on a different world,” he said of that day. and on a different america.

at first, america and the world seemed to change together. “we are all new yorkers now,” ran an e-mail from berlin that day, mirroring john f. kennedy's declaration 40 years earlier, “ich bin ein berliner”, and predicting le monde's headline the next day, “nous sommes tous américains”. and america, for its part, seemed to become more like other countries. al-qaeda's strikes, the first on the country's mainland by a foreign enemy, stripped away something unique: its aura of invulnerability, its sense of itself as a place apart, “the city on a hill”.

on this view, america is not exceptional because it is powerful; america is powerful because it is exceptional. and because what makes america different also keeps it rich and powerful, an administration that encourages american wealth and power will tend to encourage intrinsic exceptionalism. walter russell mead of the council on foreign relations dubs this impulse “american revivalism”. it is not an explicit ideology but a pattern of beliefs, attitudes and instincts.

the bush administration displays “exceptionalist” characteristics to an unusual extent. it is more openly religious than any of its predecessors. mr bush has called jesus his favourite philosopher. white house staff members arrange bible study classes. the president's re-election team courts evangelical protestant voters. the administration wants religious institutions to play a bigger role in social policy.

it also wears patriotism on its sleeve. that is not to say it is more patriotic than previous governments, but it flaunts this quality more openly, using images of the flag on every occasion and relishing america's military might to an unusual extent. more than any administration since ronald reagan's, this one is focused narrowly on america's national interest.

related to this is a certain disdain for “old europe” which goes beyond frustrations over policy. by education and background, this is an administration less influenced than usual by those bastions of transatlanticism, ivy league universities. one-third of president bush senior's first cabinet secretaries, and half of president clinton's, had ivy league degrees. but in the current cabinet the share is down to a quarter. for most members of this administration, who are mainly from the heartland and the american west (texas especially), europe seems far away. they have not studied there. they do not follow german novels or french films. indeed, for many of them, europe is in some ways unserious. its armies are a joke. its people work short hours. they wear sandals and make chocolate. europe does not capture their imagination in the way that china, the middle east and america itself do.

mr bush's own family embodies the shift away from euro-centrism. his grandfather was a senator from connecticut, an internationalist and a scion of brown brothers harriman, bluest of blue-blooded wall street investment banks. his father epitomised the transatlantic generation. despite his yale education, he himself is most at home on his texas ranch.

looked at this way, the bush administration's policies are not only responses to specific problems, or to demands made by interest groups. they reflect a certain way of looking at america and the world. they embody american exceptionalism.

american exceptionalism is nothing new. but it is getting sharper

“everything about the americans,” said alexis de tocqueville, “is extraordinary, but what is more extraordinary still is the soil that supports them.” america has natural harbours on two great oceans, access to one of the world's richest fishing areas, an abundance of every possible raw material and a huge range of farmed crops, from cold-weather to tropical. not only is it the fourth-largest country in the world, but two-thirds of it is habitable, unlike russia or canada. any country occupying america's space on the map would be likely to be unusual. but as de tocqueville also said, “physical causes contribute less [to america's distinctiveness] than laws and mores.”

in his 1995 book “american exceptionalism,” seymour martin lipset enumerates some of these laws and social features. in terms of income per head, america is the wealthiest large industrial country. it is also the only western democracy to have practised slavery in the industrial era. it has the highest crime rate and highest rate of imprisonment (though crime, at least, is falling towards european levels). its society is among the most religious in the world. perhaps less obviously, americans are more likely than almost anyone else to join voluntary associations.

america has a highly decentralised political system, with federal, state and local governments all collecting their own taxes, writing their own laws and administering their own affairs. its federal government spends a relatively low share of national income. the country has more elective offices than any other, including, in some states, those of judges, which means that in each four-year cycle america holds about 1m elections. not surprisingly, perhaps, it also has one of the lowest voter turn-outs, making it at once the most and the least democratic democracy.

it has no large socialist party, and never has had. nor has it ever had a significant fascist movement. unlike conservative parties in europe, its home-grown version has no aristocratic roots. america has one of the lowest tax rates among rich countries, the least generous public services, the highest military spending, the most lawyers per head, the highest proportion of young people at universities and the most persistent work ethic.

but the term “exceptionalism” is more than a description of how america differs from the rest of the world. it also encompasses the significance of those differences and the policies based upon them. people have been searching for some wider meaning to the place since its earliest days. in 1630, the year the massachusetts bay company was founded, john winthrop, the colony's governor, described his new land as “a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.”

and as they have looked, people have found two quite different reasons for thinking that america is special. one is that it is uniquely founded on principles to which any country can aspire. in 1787, alexander hamilton wrote in the first federalist paper that “it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force.”

that is america-as-model. george bush has embraced the idea. commemorating the first anniversary of the attacks of september 11th 2001, he said that “the ideal of america is the hope of all mankind.” he was echoing lincoln, who called america “the last, best hope of earth”.

but exceptionalism has another meaning: that america is intrinsically different from other countries in its values and institutions, and is therefore not necessarily a model. thomas jefferson said that “every species of government has its specific principles. ours are perhaps more peculiar than those of any other in the universe.”

in 1929, jay lovestone, the head of the american communist party, was summoned to moscow. stalin demanded to know why the worldwide communist revolution had advanced not one step in the largest capitalist country. lovestone replied that america lacked the preconditions for communism, such as feudalism and aristocracy. no less an authority than friedrich engels had said the same thing, talking of “the special american conditions... which make bourgeois conditions look like a beau idéal to them.” so had an italian marxist, antonio gramsci, and a british socialist, h.g. wells, who had both argued that america's unique origins had produced a distinctive value system and unusual politics.

lovestone was purged, but his argument still has force: america is exceptional partly because it is peculiar. as usual, de tocqueville had thought about both meanings of exceptionalism before anyone else. in his book “democracy in america”, he described not only what is particular to democracy, especially the way in which it changes how people think and act (what he calls “the quiet action of society upon itself”). he also described what was, and is, particular to america: its size, the institutions it had inherited from england, its decentralised administration.

these two versions of american exceptionalism have more in common than might appear at first sight. both suggest that the experience of america is open to others. the idea of america-as-model implies that other countries can come to be more like america, though american differences may still persist over time. the idea that america is intrinsically different is also consistent with the notion that outsiders can become american, but they must go there to do it and become citizens—hence america's extraordinary capacity to assimilate immigrants.

Diego Forlán
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"Forlan" redirects here. For for other uses, see Forlán.
This is a Spanish name; the first family name is Forlán and the second is Corazo.
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2010)
Diego Forlán Diego Forlán.jpg
Personal information
Full name Diego Forlán Corazo
Date of birth 19 May 1979 (1979-05-19) (age 31)
Place of birth Montevideo, Uruguay
Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[1]
Playing position Striker
Club information
Current club Atlético Madrid
Number 7
Youth career
Peñarol
Danubio
Independiente
Senior career*
Years Team Apps† (Gls)†
1998–2002 Independiente 80 (37)
2002–2004 Manchester United 63 (10)
2004–2007 Villarreal 106 (54)
2007– Atlético Madrid 102 (66)
National team‡
2002– Uruguay 69 (29)

Diego Forlán Corazo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo foɾˈlan]; born 19 May 1979 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan footballer who currently plays for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the Uruguayan national team, as a striker. He is a two-time winner of both the Pichichi Trophy and the European Golden Shoe, and also received the Golden Ball as the best player at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Forlán was born into a family of footballers, his father Pablo having played for Uruguay in the 1966 and 1974 FIFA World Cups and his grandfather, Juan Carlos Corazo, for Independiente in Argentina.[2] Forlán joined Independiente after rising through their youth team, and after a successful four year spell signed for Manchester United. Forlán's two-year stint in the Premier League saw him fail to achieve the form he held at Independiente, and he was signed by La Liga side Villarreal.

In his first season in Spanish football, Forlán scored 25 league goals and won the Pichichi Trophy. After two more successful seasons with Villarreal, Forlán joined Atlético Madrid, where he once again became the league's top scorer, and became the first player to win the Pichichi Trophy twice since Ronaldo achieved this feat in 2003-04.

Forlán also has a successful international career, in which he has scored 29 times for his country. He scored once at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan and South Korea, and five times at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, in which he scored twice against the host nation South Africa, once against Ghana in the quarter-finals, once against the Netherlands in the semi-finals and once against Germany in the third place play-off. He later received the Golden Ball award, given to the best player at the tournament.
Contents

Forlán, son of former player and Uruguayan international Pablo Forlán, was a promising tennis player in his youth, but he decided to follow the family tradition and concentrate on football when his sister Alejandra was involved in a car accident, which killed her boyfriend and left her in intensive care for five months. He played for several South American clubs, including Argentine side Independiente, where he made his name in football as a goalscorer, before attracting European attention and transferring in January 2002 to play for Manchester United in England for a fee of £6.9 million.
[edit] Manchester United

Forlán's record of 17 goals from 95 appearances for the club does not compare favourably to his former teammate Ruud van Nistelrooy's 150 goals in 210 games, and it was widely thought that he would not start the 2004–05 season in the Red Devils' team colours. That eventually proved true after signing for Villareal in August 2004, the same month Manchester United signed Wayne Rooney.
[edit] Villarreal

Forlán was strongly linked to a move to Spanish club Levante UD, but signed on 21 August 2004 with another Spanish club, Villarreal CF, where he became the Spanish 2004–05 season Pichichi Trophy winner with 25 goals, helping Villareal to their first ever UEFA Champions League spot. He also jointly won the European Golden Boot award with Thierry Henry. His form dipped in the 2005-06 season as Villareal underwent several changes, but in 2006-07 he began to hit form again, and ended the season high in the scoring charts.
[edit] Atlético Madrid
Forlán playing for Atlético Madrid

Forlán was linked to transfer with Juan Román Riquelme to Atlético Madrid in exchange for Luis Perea and money in June 2007. On 30 June 2007, following the departure of their captain Fernando Torres to Liverpool, Atlético Madrid confirmed that they had agreed to a fee of around €21 million.[3] He returned to England in February 2008 to take part in Atlético's UEFA Cup clash against Bolton Wanderers (the club against whom he made his Manchester United debut), but the side lost out 1–0 on aggregate. In May 2008, Forlán helped Atlético qualify for the Champions League for the first time in over a decade, scoring the winning goal against Deportivo La Coruña.[4] He ended his first season in Madrid with 23 goals, and formed a potent partnership with Argentinian striker Sergio Agüero. On 9 May 2009, Forlán scored twice against Espanyol to help Atlético clinch Champions League qualification for a second successive year.[5] Los Rojiblancos were trailing 2-0 at half-time and had seen Luis Perea sent off, but came back to win 3-2 thanks to a goal of the season contender from Forlán, as well as a last minute winner. He also scored crucial goals in wins over Barcelona, Villarreal and Valencia. On 23 May 2009, Forlán scored a hat-trick against Athletic Bilbao, which helped him win the La Liga Pichichi Trophy award, as well as the European Golden Boot for a second time.[6] He ended the 2008-09 season with a very impressive 32 goals in 33 matches.

Forlán started the 2009-10 season slowly, and struggled for form as Atlético made their worst start to a league season since their relegation in 2000. On 24 October 2009, Forlán scored a penalty and missed another as Atlético were held to a 1-1 draw at home against Mallorca, who had played the majority of the second half with just nine players on the field. The disappointing result and performance led to protests from Atlético supporters,[7] as well as criticism for Forlán, who was subsequently left out of the squad for the next game.[8] Atlético started to improve after the arrival new manager Quique Sánchez Flores, and once again, Forlán flourished in the second half of the season, as Atlético reached the finals of both the Europa League and Copa del Rey. On 14 February 2010, Forlán scored the first goal as Atlético beat Barcelona 2-1 at the Vicente Calderón, inflicting the eventual Champions only league defeat of the season.[9] On 22 April 2010, Forlán scored the only goal of the game in Atlético's Europa League semi-final first leg at home to Liverpool. A week later, Liverpool took the tie to extra time before taking a 2–1 aggregate lead. Forlán then scored again to make it 2–2 on aggregate, giving Atlético the away goal they needed to reach the final, in which they played against Fulham at Hamburg's HSH Nordbank Arena on 12 May.[10] Forlán scored twice against Fulham in the Final, in a 2–1 win and was confirmed the best player of the final match.[11] He ended the season with a total of 28 goals, including six in Atlético's succesful Europa League campaign.
[edit] International career
Forlán (right) with Luis Suárez at the 2010 World Cup.

Forlán debuted for Uruguay in 2002. On 11 June 2002, Forlán scored in the 2002 FIFA World Cup against Senegal with a volley in a 3-3 draw. Despite coming from three goals down to draw the game, Uruguay were eliminated from the tournament along with France in Group A.[12] He also scored against Brazil in the 35th minute of the 2007 Copa América semi-final. However, he missed his shot during the subsequent penalty shootout, which Brazil ultimately won 5–4.[13] Since the 2007 Copa America, Forlán has become a regular for Uruguay and often has a place in the starting XI. On 17 June 2008, he scored a hat-trick in a World Cup qualifying game against Peru.[14]

On 16 June 2010, during Uruguay's second group game in the 2010 FIFA World Cup against South Africa, Forlán opened the scoring with a long range effort. Later on in the game Forlán scored from the penalty spot for his second and also had a hand in Uruguay's third, ending in a 3-0 win over the host nation.[15] On 2 July 2010, Forlán scored a free kick against Ghana to equalise during the quarter-finals. The game ended 1-1 and Uruguay advanced through to the semi-finals after defeating Ghana 4-2 in the penalty shootout.[16] On 6 July 2010, Forlán scored another long range goal, this time with his left foot to equalise against the Netherlands in the semi-final. Despite a half-time score at 1-1, Uruguay eventually lost 3-2 as the Dutch advanced to the final.[17] Forlán became the first player since Lothar Matthäus in 1990 to score three goals outside the penalty area in one tournament.[18] On 10 July 2010, Forlán scored for the final time in the tournament as he netted a well executed volley from the edge of the area to give Uruguay the lead. This goal, after a pass by Arévalo Ríos was selected by FIFA as the goal of the Torunament.[19]Forlán then hit the crossbar with the final kick of the game from a free-kick as they lost to Germany 3-2 in the third place play-off.[20] Forlán was awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player. Forlán is the fourth South American player that has received the Golden Ball in the FIFA World Cup tournament.[21] He also was chosen in the best team of the tournament, and he was one of the top goalscorer of the World Cup with 5 goals.[22]

Sergio Agüero
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This is a Spanish name; the first family name is Agüero and the second is Del Castillo.
Sergio Agüero Kun aguero.jpg
Personal information
Full name Sergio Leonel
Agüero del Castillo
Date of birth 2 June 1988 (1988-06-02) (age 22)
Place of birth Quilmes, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Height 1.72 m (5 ft 7 1⁄2 in)[1]
Playing position Striker
Club information
Current club Atlético Madrid
Number 10
Senior career*
Years Team Apps† (Gls)†
2003–2006 Independiente 69 (35)
2006– Atlético Madrid 144 (54)
National team‡
2005–2007 Argentina U20 7 (10)
2008 Argentina U23 5 (2)
2006– Argentina 24 (8)
Honours[show]
Competitor for Argentina
Men's Football
Gold 2008 Beijing Team Competition
• Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 24 May 2010.

† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 16:47, 3 July 2010 (UTC)

Sergio Leonel "Kun" Agüero del Castillo[1] (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈseɾxjo aˈɣweɾo]; born 2 June 1988) is an Argentine footballer who currently plays as a striker for Atlético Madrid and the Argentine national team.

Agüero earned his nickname Kun when his grandparents noted his resemblance to Japanese anime character Kum Kum.[2]
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Early life
* 2 Club career
o 2.1 Independiente
o 2.2 Atlético Madrid
* 3 International career
o 3.1 2007 U20 World Cup
o 3.2 2008 Summer Olympics
o 3.3 2010 World Cup
* 4 Personal life
* 5 Career statistics
o 5.1 International goals
o 5.2 Olympic goals
* 6 Honours
o 6.1 Club
o 6.2 Country
o 6.3 Individual
* 7 References
* 8 External links

[edit] Early life

Agüero was born in Quilmes, Buenos Aires on 2 June 1988 into a large family with seven children.[3][4] Agüero started playing football at a young age and he often played on a pitch in his local neighbourhood, Villa Itali.[2]
[edit] Club career
[edit] Independiente

Sergio Agüero started playing for Argentine first division Club Club Atlético Independiente, becoming the youngest player to debut in the Argentine First Division at 15 years and 35 days (on 7 July 2003 against Club Atlético San Lorenzo de Almagro), breaking the record previously established by Diego Maradona in 1976.[2]
[edit] Atlético Madrid
Agüero with Atlético Madrid.

In May 2006 Agüero signed for Spainish club Atlético Madrid for an undisclosed fee, reported to be around €23 million, breaking the club's previous transfer record.[5][6] In the 2007–08 season, Agüero finished third in scoring in La Liga, behind Dani Güiza and Luís Fabiano, with 49 goals, and was runner up in the Trofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano award.[7]

Agüero became a regular goalscorer for Atlético in the 2008–09 season, forming a partnership with Uruguayan striker Diego Forlán, also a former Independiente striker. In March 2009, the duo of Forlán and Agüero scored a brace each in a 4–3 win over league leaders Barcelona.[8] Agüero finished in the top ten runners for the Pichichi Trophy while his teammate Forlán won the trophy.[9] Atlético finished fourth in the league, qualifying for the following season's UEFA Champions League.

In the 2009-10 season, Agüero scored twice against Chelsea during a 2–2 draw in the Champions League at the Vicente Calderón. Atlético were knocked out of the competition, but went on to reach the final of the 2009–10 UEFA Europa League, where they beat English club Fulham in extra time.[10]
[edit] International career

Agüero made his senior debut for Argentina in a friendly with Brazil, played at Emirates Stadium, England on 3 September 2006.[1] As a teenager, he represented Argentina at three FIFA World Youth Championships. Together with future 2008 Olympics squad teammates Fernando Gago of Real Madrid and Lionel Messi of Barcelona, they won the 2005 edition in the Netherlands.
[edit] 2007 U20 World Cup

At the 2007 U-20 World Cup in Canada, he scored twice and helped set up three goals in a 6–0 win over Panama in the second game of the group stage of the tournament. Agüero then scored the only goal in Argentina's third match against North Korea from a free kick. Having qualified to the round of 16, he scored two of the three goals against Poland that would eventually give them a 3-1 win to advance to the next round. Argentina defeated Mexico in the quarter-finals and Chile in the semi-finals, and faced the Czech Republic in the finals, a team they drew 0-0 in the group stage. Agüero captained and scored the equaliser in the 62nd minute, leading to a 2–1 victory. In addition, Agüero won the Golden Boot of the tournament, scoring six goals in seven games, and the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament, succeeding to countryman Lionel Messi who won both awards at the 2005 tournament.
[edit] 2008 Summer Olympics

As a member of the Argentine squad for the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Agüero scored two goals in the space of five minutes in the semi-final 3–0 win over Brazil on 19 August 2008.[11] Argentina went on to win the gold medal, a second in a row at the Olympic tournament.
[edit] 2010 World Cup

He was chosen for the 2010 World Cup squad, and made his World Cup debut in Argentina's second group match against Korea Republic on 12 June 2010, replacing Carlos Tévez in the 75th minute. Agüero's impact was immediate as Argentina scored in the next minute. He assisted on Gonzalo Higuaín's hat-trick goal late in the game. Argentina won the game 4-1.
[edit] Personal life

On 19 February 2009, it was announced that Agüero's fiancée, Giannina Maradona, the youngest daughter of Argentine football legend Diego Maradona, had given birth to a son named Benjamin in Madrid.[12] Maradona was in the Spanish capital for the birth of his first grandson, while Agüero, 20, missed Atlético's training session earlier in the day. Atlético offered their congratulations in a statement on their official website.[13]

Agüero has a tattoo on the inside of his right arm, inscribed in Tengwar—a form of writing invented by J. R. R. Tolkien that was used by the Elves in his works. It translates roughly to Kun Agüero in the Latin alphabet.[14]
[edit] Career statistics

Correct as of May 1st 2010[15]
Club Season League Cup[16] Continental[17] Total
Apps Goals Assists Apps Goals Assists Apps Goals Assists Apps Goals Assists
Independiente 2003–04 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0
2004–05 12 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 5 0
2005–06 36 18 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 18 4
Argentina 53 23 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 53 23 4
Atlético Madrid 2006–07 38 6 3 2 0 0 0 0 0 40 6 3
2007–08 38 19 7 4 2 0 7 5 2 49 26 9
2008–09 37 17 9 1 0 0 9 4 2 47 21 11
2009–10 31 12 4 7 2 3 16 6 4 54 20 11
Spain 144 54 23 14 4 3 32 15 8 190 73 34
Career totals 197 77 27 14 4 3 32 15 8 243 96 38
[edit] International goals

Argentina's goal tally first
1. ↓ Date↓ Venue↓ Opponent↓ Score↓ Result↓ Competition↓
1. 17 November 2007 El Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina Bolivia 1 – 0 3–0 World Cup 2010 Qualifying
2. 26 March 2008 Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt Egypt 1 – 0 2–0 Friendly
3. 4 June 2008 Qualcomm Stadium, California, United States Mexico 4 – 1 4–1 Friendly
4. 6 September 2008 El Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina Paraguay 1 – 1 1–1 World Cup 2010 Qualifying
5. 11 October 2008 El Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina Uruguay 2 – 0 2–1 World Cup 2010 Qualifying
6. 28 March 2009 El Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina Venezuela 4 – 0 4–0 World Cup 2010 Qualifying
7. 12 August 2009 Lokomotiv Stadium, Moscow, Russia Russia 1 – 1 3–2 Friendly
8. 24 May 2010 El Monumental, Buenos Aires, Argentina Canada 5 – 0 5–0 Friendly
[edit] Olympic goals
2. ↓ Date↓ Venue↓ Opponent↓ Score↓ Result↓ Competition↓
1. 19 August 2008 Beijing Worker's Stadium, Beijing, China Brazil 1 – 0 3–0 Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics
2. 19 August 2008 Beijing Worker's Stadium, Beijing, China Brazil Brazil 2 – 0 3–0 Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics
[edit] Honours

African American Museum in Philadelphia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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39°57′10.07″N 75°9′5.65″W / 39.9527972°N 75.1515694°W / 39.9527972; -75.1515694
African American Museum in Philadelphia
Established 1976
Location 7th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Director Romona Risco Benson
Curator Richard J Watson
Website http://www.aampmuseum.org/

The African American Museum in Philadelphia (AAMP) is notable as the first museum funded and built by a municipality to help preserve, interpret and exhibit the heritage of African Americans. Opened during the 1976 Bicentennial celebrations, the AAMP is located in historic Philadelphia, a few blocks away from the Liberty Bell.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Collection
* 2 History
* 3 Founding Director
* 4 Recent events
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 External links
* 8 References

[edit] Collection

AAMP currently houses four galleries and an auditorium, each of which offers exhibitions anchored on one of three dominant themes: The African Diaspora, the Philadelphia Story, and the Contemporary Narrative.

The Museum is home to more than 750,000 objects, images and documents that are made available for research, exhibitions, for loan to other museums, and used in the Museum’s many educational programs. Temporary exhibits, as well as a variety of family events, workshops, films, tours, symposiums, and concerts relating to African-American culture and history are offered. [1]

The AAMP’s collection is composed of flyers, memos and memorabilia related to the Philadelphia Black Panthers, correspondence clippings and military artifacts of the first black doctor to direct a U.S. Army Hospital, academic and legal papers from Harry Shapiro on constitutional issues arising from the civil rights movement, African American occupational and domestic objects, family scrapbooks, sports memorabilia, church and burial records, artifacts from the Ku Klux Klan, and much more. Refer to the museums website for a complete listing. [2]
[edit] History

Philadelphia has long been known as an important center for African American history and culture. As the United States was being formed in the 18th century, Philadelphia was the center of the abolitionist movement and had the largest free black population.
[edit] Founding Director

Charles H. Wesley was a noted African American historian, educator, and author. He was the fourth African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. An ordained minister, Wesley’s distinguished career included 40 years of leadership with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1976, he served as Director of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, now known as the African American Museum in Philadelphia.
[edit] Recent events

In 2007, the AAMP received a grant for $3 million from the city of Philadelphia to fund building renovations and to improve displays for the museum's extensive collection. The Museum closed March 9, 2009 and will reopen June 18, 2009 with the unveiling of AUDACIOUS FREEDOM, a new core exhibit installation featuring the early history of African Americans in Philadelphia (1776–1876). During renovations, the Museum will continue to sponsor special programs throughout the city in other locations. Visit the website for more information.[3]
[edit] See also
Philadelphia portal
African American portal

* List of museums focused on African Americans

[edit] Notes

The African American Museum in Philadelphia is a member of the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program.
[edit] External links

* African American Museum in Philadelphia official site

[edit] References

* African American Museum in Philadelphia official site
* Clark, Vernon. "African American Museum gets grant." The Philadelphia Inquirer 12, September 2007. [4]
* Jones, Ayana. "Marketing pays off for Black museum." The Philadelphia Tribune 2007.[5]
* Van Allen, Peter. "Philadlephia museum makes a comeback." Philadelphia Business Journal 2, August, 2007. [6]
* "Dr. Charles H. Wesley" Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website. May 16, 2003. [7]
* "Experience Philadelphia's African American History" Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation. Gophila.com. [8]

Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w...seum_in_Philadelphia" ;
Categories: African American museums in Pennsylvania | Museums in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Museums established in 1976
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Franklin Institute
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from The Franklin Institute Awards)
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This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia. For the Boston school, see Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology.
The Franklin Institute
Established 1824
Location Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Type Science museum
Director Dennis M. Wint, Ph.D.
President and CEO
Website The Franklin Institute
The Franklin Institute
Front steps as seen from the adjacent Moore College

The Franklin Institute (named after the noted American scientist and statesman Benjamin Franklin) is a museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States, dating to 1824. The Institute also houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
o 1.1 Succession of presidents
* 2 The Science Center
o 2.1 Permanent exhibits
o 2.2 Other attractions
o 2.3 Traveling exhibits
o 2.4 School programs/workshops
o 2.5 Homeschooling
o 2.6 Camp-In
o 2.7 Discovery Camp
o 2.8 Museum floor programs
o 2.9 The Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
o 2.10 The Journal of The Franklin Institute
o 2.11 The Benjamin Franklin Awards
* 3 Informal Science Learning Research
* 4 Programs
o 4.1 The Science Leadership Academy
o 4.2 Teacher professional development
o 4.3 Partnerships for Achieving Careers in Technology and Science
o 4.4 Girls at the Center
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] History

On February 5, 1824, Samuel Vaughn Merrick and William H. Keating founded The Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts. The museum began in 1825 in its original building at 15 South 7th Street (now the site of the Atwater Kent Museum) and moved into its current home on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, near that parkway's intersection with 20th Street, over 100 years later, in 1934. Funds to build the new Institute and Memorial on the Parkway came from the Poor Richard Club, the City Board of Trust, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Inc., and The Franklin Institute. John T. Windrim's original design was a completely square building surrounding the Benjamin Franklin Statue, which had yet to be built. Despite the effects of the Great Depression, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Inc. raised $5 million between December 1929 and June 1930. Only two of the four wings envisioned by Windrim were built. The Franklin Institute was integrated in 1870, when Philadelphia teacher and activist Octavius Catto was admitted as a member.

Many scientists have demonstrated groundbreaking new technology at The Franklin Institute. From September 2 to October 11, 1884, it hosted the International Electrical Exhibition of 1884, the first great electrical exposition in the United States.[1] Nikola Tesla demonstrated the principle of wireless telegraphy at the institute in 1893. The world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system was later given by Philo Taylor Farnsworth on August 25, 1934.

On March 31, 1940, press agent William Castellini issued a press release stating that the world would end the next day. The story was picked up by KYW, which reported, "Your worst fears that the world will end are confirmed by astronomers of Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Scientists predict that the world will end at 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time tomorrow. This is no April Fool joke. Confirmation can be obtained from Wagner Schlesinger, director of the Fels Planetarium of this city." This caused a panic in the city which only subsided when The Franklin Institute assured people it had made no such prediction. Castellini was dismissed shortly thereafter.[2]
[edit] Succession of presidents

* James Ronaldson (1824–1852)
* Samuel V. Merrick (1852–1854)
* John C. Cresson (1855–1863)
* William Sellers (1864–1867)
* John Vaughan Merrick (1868–1869)
* Coleman Sellers (1870–1875)
* Robert Empie Rogers (1875–1879)
* William Penn Tatham (1880–1886)
* Joseph Miller Wilson (1887–1893)
* Dr. Walton Clark (1907–1924)
* Dr. W. Laurence LePage
* Dr. Bowen C. Dees
* Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus (1966–1969)
* Dr. Joel N. Bloom (1969–1990)
* Dr. Dennis M. Wint (1995–present)

[edit] The Science Center

The most recognizable part of The Franklin Institute's Science Center is The Franklin Institute Science Museum. In the spirit of inquiry and discovery embodied by Benjamin Franklin, the mission of The Franklin Institute Science Museum serves to inspire an understanding of and passion for science and technology learning. Among other exhibits, The Science Museum holds the largest collection of artifacts from the Wright brothers' workshop.
[edit] Permanent exhibits
The newly refurbished Giant Heart

* Electricity, which replaced Franklin... He's Electric in 2010, showcases Franklin's discovery of electricity and its use in the modern world, including elements such as a sustainable dance floor, and an array of LEDs that turn on in the presence of cell phone signals and other low-power electrical signals.[3]. (Electricity and Technology)
* Changing Earth, which opened to the public, along with Electricity, on March 27, 2010, focuses on the powerful forces of air, water, and land and their effect upon the earth, as well as how humans respond to and interact with these forces.[4]
* The Franklin Airshow features The Wright Brothers Aeronautical Engineering Collection, their newly restored Model B Flyer, and a U.S. Air Force 1948 T-33 Shooting Star Jet Trainer. (Aviation and Technology)
* The Giant Heart has been a Philadelphia icon since its opening in 1954. (Biology, Chemistry and Anatomy)
* The Joel N. Bloom Observatory, remodeled in 2006, features five telescopes, including a giant 10" Zeiss Refractor and four 8" Meade Reflectors.
* The Sports Challenge is an interactive exhibit that shows the science behind sports. (Physics and Technology)
* The Train Factory has a real, moving train: The Baldwin 60000 steam locomotive. (History, Engineering and Technology)
* Sir Isaac's Loft, allows visitors to blend art and science into their own masterpiece. (Physics and Art)
* Space Command features real space suits and allows visitors to track their houses, in real time, via satellite. (Astronomy, Technology and Mathematics)
* The Franklin Institute once featured the Foxtrot Papa Boeing 707 as a permanent exhibit. This partial fuselage could easily be seen from the outside of the building and was a remarkable sight in the middle of a major city. But in the 1980s, the aircraft was sold for scrap, much to the dismay of aviation enthusiasts.[5]
* Amazing Machine allows visitors to experience a machine-like environment featuring little-seen pieces from The Franklin Institute's priceless collection, including Maillardet's Automaton[6], believed to have the largest cam-based memory of any automaton of the era.

[edit] Other attractions
Budd BB-1 Pioneer in front of museum

The Science Center includes many pertinent attractions that are not museum exhibits. The Budd BB-1 Pioneer, in front of the museum, was the first stainless steel airplane built by the Edward F. Budd Manufacturing Corporation and has been on display since 1935. [1]

A model which would eventually become the Lunar Module in the Apollo space program, first shown on display in the 1966–67 World's Fair, held in the New York Hall of Science, is also located on the grounds.

Theaters

In 1933, Samuel Simeon Fels contributed funds to build The Fels Planetarium, only the second in the United States after Chicago's Adler Planetarium. Fully reconstructed in 2002, the Planetarium's new design includes replacement of the original 40,000-pound stainless steel dome, originally built in 1933. The new premium dome is lighter and is 60 feet (18 m) in diameter. It is the first of its kind in the United States. The planetarium is also outfitted for visitors who are hearing impaired.

Memorial was re-opened after a summer-long restoration that included multi-media enhancements. Philadelphia's most famous citizen is now featured in Benjamin Franklin Forever - an hourly 3.5-minute multimedia presentation utilizing the entire rotunda.

Also noteworthy is The Franklin Institute's Frankliniana Collection, some of which is on rotating display in the Pendulum Staircase. Highlights might include his 1777 Nini Medallion; the maquette of Franklin's bust from the statue of Franklin in the Memorial; the figurehead of Franklin's bust from the USS Franklin; Franklin's Ceremonial Sword used in the Court of King Louis XVI and even the odometer that Ben used to measure the postal routes in Philadelphia. Additionally, the Institute's Electricity exhibition highlights one of Franklin's lightning rods; his Electricity Tube, given to him by Peter Collinson; a Franklin Electrostatic Generator; Franklin's 1751 publication of Observations and Experiments on Electricity... ; and Thornton Oakley's two 1940 historical murals of Franklin and the "Kite and Key" experiment.
[edit] The Journal of The Franklin Institute

In 1826, The Journal of The Franklin Ins

evet arkadaşlar

Belirli enerji seviyelerinde (aşağıya doğru artarak: n=1,2,3,... ) ve açısal momentum'lardaki (sağa doğru artarak: s, p, d,... ) bir hidrojen atomu elektronunun dalga fonksiyonları. Daha parlak olan bölgeler elektronun pozisyonu içim daha yüksek olasılık genliğine işaret ediyor. Kuantum mekaniği; nicem mekaniği veya dalga mekaniği adlarıyla da anılır.

ingilizce'de quantum (Latince: 'quantus', "ne kadar") olarak kullanılan terim, kuramın belirli fiziksel nicelikler için kullandığı kegibli birimlere gönderme yapar. Kuantum mekaniğinin temelleri 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli gibi bilim adamlarınca atılmıştır. Belirsizlik ilkesi, anti madde, Planck sabiti, karacisim ışınımı, dalga kuramı, alan teorileri gibi kavram ve kuramlar bu alanda geliştirilmiş ve klagib fiziğin sarsılmasına ve değiştirilmesine sebep olmuştur.

]
Klagib mekanik çok başarılı olmasına karşın, 1800'lü yılların sonlarına doğru, kara cisim ışıması (blackbody radiation), tayf çizgileri, fotoelektrik etki gibi bir takım olayları açıklamada yetersiz kalmıştır. Açıklamaların yanlışlığı bilim adamlarının yetersizliğinden değil aksine klagib mekaniğin yetersizliğinden kaynaklanıyordu. En yalın halde klagib mekanik evreni bir "süreklilik" olarak modelliyordu. 1900 yılında Max Planck enerji'nin, 1905 yılında ise Albert Einstein ışığın paketçiklerden oluştuğunu, yani süreksizlik gösterdiğini, bazı deneyleri açıklamak için bir varsayım olarak kullanmak zorunda kaldılar. Elbette bu iki darbe klagib mekaniği yıkmadı. Uzunca bir süre bilim adamları bu süreksizliği klagib mekanik kuramlarından türetmek için uğraştı. Yine aynı yıllarda atomun iç yapısı üzerine yapılan deneyler korkunç bir gerçeği gözler önüne serdi. Ernest Rutherford yaptığı deneyle atomun küçük bir çekirdeğe sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Bu dönemde elektronun varlığı biliniyordu. Bu durumda eğer negatif yüklü elektronlar pozitif çekirdeğin etrafında dairesel hareket yapıyorlarsa, çok kısa bir zaman diliminde elektronlar çekirdeğe düşeceklerdi. Bu elektromanyetik teoriye göre açıklanacak olursa, ivmelenen yükler ışıma yapar, dairesel haraket de ivmeli bir hareket olduğu için, elektron bu ışımayla enerji yayacak ve çekirdeğe düşüp sistem çökecekti. Geçiçi çözüm Niels Bohr tarafından geldi. Elektronlar belli kuantizasyon kurallarınca, belli yörüngelerde hareket ediyorlar, enerjileri belli bir değere ulaşmadıkça ışıma yapamıyorlar bu sayede sistem dengede durabiliyordu. Bu geçici çözüm küçük atomlarda işe yaradıysada daha büyük kütlelerde işe yaramıyordu. Bohr atom modeline, modeli deneylere uydurulmak için birçok yama yapıldı. Ne var ki Bohr'un "yamalı bohça"sı 1920'lere gelindiğinde artık iş görmüyordu, tayf çizgilerinin gözlenen yoğunluğunu yanlış veriyor, çok elektronlu atomlarda salınım ve emilim dalgaboylarını tahmin etmede başarısız oluyor, atomik sistemlerin zamana bağlı hareket denklemini vermedeki başarısızlığı gibi birkaç konuda daha gerçekleri gösteremiyordu. Kuantum mekaniğini Planck doğurduysa, bebekliğinin sonu da De Broglie ile gelmiştir. Louis de Broglie; birçok elçi, bakan ve Dük yetiştirmiş, aristokrat bir Fransız ailesinin çocuğuydu. Tarih eğitimi gördükten sonra fiziğe geçmiş ve 1923'te verdiği doktora tezinde, ışığın hem dalga hem de parçacık karakteri olmasından esinlenerek, aslında bütün madde çeşitlerinin aynı özelliği gösterebileceğini önerdi. Ortaya koyduğu fikir, Bohr'un "gizemli" yörüngelerini açıklamada başarılı oluyordu.

Işığın girişim, kırınım yaptığı, yani dalga özelliği gösterdiği, Thomas Young'in yaptığı çift yarık deneyi ile gösterilmişti. Ama tüm madde parçacıklarının, su dalgaları ile aynı matematiksel özellikleri göstereceği beklenmiyordu.

Max Planck 1900 yılında karacisim ışınımı problemini (morötesi facia diye de anılır), çözmek için

denklemini kullanmıştı. Bu denklem, foton kavrdıbının başlangıcı oldu; çünkü ν frekansındaki elektron salınımından oluşan ışığın, klagib mekanikle uyuşmayan bir şekilde sadece, h*ν nun tamsayı katlarında enerji taşıyabileceğini göstermişti. 'h', günümüzde Planck sabiti adıyla anılır.

Fotonlar dalga özelliği gösterirse madde de gösterebilir analojisinin yanında önemli bir ipucu da Einstein'in birkaç yıl önce özel görelilik ispatında kullandığı Lorentz Dönüşümleri idi.

Buna göre, serbest bir parçacık, fazı x, zamanı t olan bir dalga ile ifade edilirse, 2*π*(k*x - ν*t) , ve bu faz Lorentz dönüşümlerinde sabit kalacaksa, k vektörü ve ν frekansı, x ve t gibi dönüşmelilerdi. Ya da diğer bir deyişle, p ve E gibi. Bunun mümkün olabilmesi için, k ve ν, p ve E ile aynı hız bağımlılığına sahip olmalılardı, bu yüzden de onlarla doğru orantılı olmalılardı.

Fotonlar icin E=h*ν olduğundan, madde için de

varsayımlarını yapmak 'doğal' gözükmüştür.

Herhangi bir kapalı yörüngenin 1/|k| nın tam katı olması varsayımı ile, de Broglie, deneysel olarak gözlenen ve Sommerfeld ve Bohr tarafindan "kuantize olma şartları" olarak anılan şartları matematiksel olarak kolayca türetti. Bu türetme gayet gizemli bir şekilde doğru sonuçlar verince (Davisson ve Germer, 1927 yılında Bell Laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirdikleri deneyle, elektronların da aynı ışık gibi girişim yaptığını ortaya koydular. Deney 1924'te de Brogli tarafından önerilmişti) insanlar deneysel olarak başka şeyleri tahmin etmesini de beklediler.

Elbette yanıldılar çünkü bu şartlar serbest ışık parçaları için yola çıkan varsayımların, çekirdeğe bağlı elektronlar için uyarlanmasıydı ve çok ileri zütürülmemesi gerekiyordu.

Cassandra Ventura (born August 26, 1986), known by her stage name Cassie, is an American singer, model, and dancer. After being introduced to music producer Ryan Leslie, she was signed to his music-media company, NextSelection. Leslie wrote and produced Cassie's first single, "Me & U", which became a major hit in 2006.[1] He convinced Sean "Diddy" Combs to partner his Bad Boy Records with Leslie's NextSelection imprint for the release of her debut album. Cassie, was released in August 2006.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Life and Career
o 1.1 Early life and education
o 1.2 2004-2007: Career beginnings and Cassie
o 1.3 2008–present: Electro Love
* 2 Musical style
* 3 Discography
* 4 Filmography
* 5 References
* 6 External links

[edit] Life and Career
[edit] Early life and education

Casandra Ventura was born in New London, Connecticut to a Filipino Father and African-Mexican Mother.[citation needed] She attended The Williams School, a preparatory school in New London, Connecticut. She trained as a singer and dancer, and took voice lessons. Cassie began modeling at the age of 14, and by the time she was 16, appeared in print ads for Seventeen and the catalog for popular teen line, Delia's,[2] represented by Wilhelmina Models.[3] When she graduated from high school in 2004, she decided to pursue her career in modeling and singing. After high school, Cassie moved to New York City, and continued modeling, as well attending classes at the Broadway Dance Center.
[edit] 2004-2007: Career beginnings and Cassie

Ryan Leslie spotted her at clubs and parties in late 2004 frequently. The two wrote a duet called "Kiss Me", and after recording the track, Leslie played the song for music executive Tommy Mottola. Mottola offered Cassie a management deal, and Leslie signed her to his music-media company, NextSelection. Leslie wrote and produced Cassie's first single, "Me & U", in 2005. The song became a club hit in Germany.[2] During this time, Diddy heard "Me & U" in a club, and Leslie convinced him to partner his Bad Boy Records with Leslie's NextSelection imprint for the release of Cassie's debut album.[2]

The album, Cassie, was released on August 8, 2006 and sold 321,000 copies in the US. Lead single "Me & U" peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, selling more than 1 million digital downloads.[4] To promote her album, Cassie performed on Total Request Live and 106 & Park: BET's Top 10 Live. Her performances were described as "rocky" and "less-than-stellar", but Diddy said that it was due to her inexperience.[5] He said that he would be "with her through her development", and that he has no "question on her ability [to sing]".[5] Cassie addressed the events on her MySpace page, saying that she is aware that her performances were "pretty bad", and that she was "still getting over stage fright".[5]
[edit] 2008–present: Electro Love
Cassie at the premiere of Step Up 2: The Streets in 2008.

MTV News reported in June 2007 that contrary to rumors, Cassie had not been dropped from Bad Boy Records after releasing two singles from her self-titled debut album. Diddy said that she was in the studio working with producers Kanye West and Pharrell Williams on her second album.[6] It was reported in 2009 that Cassie was no longer collaborating with Ryan Leslie, who had produced the majority of her debut album.[7] In April 2009, Cassie revealed that she had shaved all of the hair on the right side of her head.[8]

On July 22, 2009, Cassie announced that the album's title would be Electro Love.[9] Three singles have been released from the album; "Official Girl" featuring Lil Wayne in August 2008, "Must Be Love" featuring Diddy in April 2009, and "Lets Get Crazy" featuring Akon in August 2009. All three singles have failed commercially.[7] The album was delayed several times with Cassie eventually signing a new record deal in the beginning of the year at Interscope Records.[10] She is featured in a spead in the August/September issue of Bust in which she said a new single will be released in the fall.[citation needed]