sözlüğü bırakıyom lan ibneler toplanın

evet arkadaşlar

Belirli enerji seviyelerinde (aşağıya doğru artarak: n=1,2,3,... ) ve açısal momentum'lardaki (sağa doğru artarak: s, p, d,... ) bir hidrojen atomu elektronunun dalga fonksiyonları. Daha parlak olan bölgeler elektronun pozisyonu içim daha yüksek olasılık genliğine işaret ediyor. Kuantum mekaniği; nicem mekaniği veya dalga mekaniği adlarıyla da anılır.

ingilizce'de quantum (Latince: 'quantus', "ne kadar") olarak kullanılan terim, kuramın belirli fiziksel nicelikler için kullandığı kegibli birimlere gönderme yapar. Kuantum mekaniğinin temelleri 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli gibi bilim adamlarınca atılmıştır. Belirsizlik ilkesi, anti madde, Planck sabiti, karacisim ışınımı, dalga kuramı, alan teorileri gibi kavram ve kuramlar bu alanda geliştirilmiş ve klagib fiziğin sarsılmasına ve değiştirilmesine sebep olmuştur.

]
Klagib mekanik çok başarılı olmasına karşın, 1800'lü yılların sonlarına doğru, kara cisim ışıması (blackbody radiation), tayf çizgileri, fotoelektrik etki gibi bir takım olayları açıklamada yetersiz kalmıştır. Açıklamaların yanlışlığı bilim adamlarının yetersizliğinden değil aksine klagib mekaniğin yetersizliğinden kaynaklanıyordu. En yalın halde klagib mekanik evreni bir "süreklilik" olarak modelliyordu. 1900 yılında Max Planck enerji'nin, 1905 yılında ise Albert Einstein ışığın paketçiklerden oluştuğunu, yani süreksizlik gösterdiğini, bazı deneyleri açıklamak için bir varsayım olarak kullanmak zorunda kaldılar. Elbette bu iki darbe klagib mekaniği yıkmadı. Uzunca bir süre bilim adamları bu süreksizliği klagib mekanik kuramlarından türetmek için uğraştı. Yine aynı yıllarda atomun iç yapısı üzerine yapılan deneyler korkunç bir gerçeği gözler önüne serdi. Ernest Rutherford yaptığı deneyle atomun küçük bir çekirdeğe sahip olduğunu gösterdi. Bu dönemde elektronun varlığı biliniyordu. Bu durumda eğer negatif yüklü elektronlar pozitif çekirdeğin etrafında dairesel hareket yapıyorlarsa, çok kısa bir zaman diliminde elektronlar çekirdeğe düşeceklerdi. Bu elektromanyetik teoriye göre açıklanacak olursa, ivmelenen yükler ışıma yapar, dairesel haraket de ivmeli bir hareket olduğu için, elektron bu ışımayla enerji yayacak ve çekirdeğe düşüp sistem çökecekti. Geçiçi çözüm Niels Bohr tarafından geldi. Elektronlar belli kuantizasyon kurallarınca, belli yörüngelerde hareket ediyorlar, enerjileri belli bir değere ulaşmadıkça ışıma yapamıyorlar bu sayede sistem dengede durabiliyordu. Bu geçici çözüm küçük atomlarda işe yaradıysada daha büyük kütlelerde işe yaramıyordu. Bohr atom modeline, modeli deneylere uydurulmak için birçok yama yapıldı. Ne var ki Bohr'un "yamalı bohça"sı 1920'lere gelindiğinde artık iş görmüyordu, tayf çizgilerinin gözlenen yoğunluğunu yanlış veriyor, çok elektronlu atomlarda salınım ve emilim dalgaboylarını tahmin etmede başarısız oluyor, atomik sistemlerin zamana bağlı hareket denklemini vermedeki başarısızlığı gibi birkaç konuda daha gerçekleri gösteremiyordu. Kuantum mekaniğini Planck doğurduysa, bebekliğinin sonu da De Broglie ile gelmiştir. Louis de Broglie; birçok elçi, bakan ve Dük yetiştirmiş, aristokrat bir Fransız ailesinin çocuğuydu. Tarih eğitimi gördükten sonra fiziğe geçmiş ve 1923'te verdiği doktora tezinde, ışığın hem dalga hem de parçacık karakteri olmasından esinlenerek, aslında bütün madde çeşitlerinin aynı özelliği gösterebileceğini önerdi. Ortaya koyduğu fikir, Bohr'un "gizemli" yörüngelerini açıklamada başarılı oluyordu.

Işığın girişim, kırınım yaptığı, yani dalga özelliği gösterdiği, Thomas Young'in yaptığı çift yarık deneyi ile gösterilmişti. Ama tüm madde parçacıklarının, su dalgaları ile aynı matematiksel özellikleri göstereceği beklenmiyordu.

Max Planck 1900 yılında karacisim ışınımı problemini (morötesi facia diye de anılır), çözmek için

denklemini kullanmıştı. Bu denklem, foton kavrdıbının başlangıcı oldu; çünkü ν frekansındaki elektron salınımından oluşan ışığın, klagib mekanikle uyuşmayan bir şekilde sadece, h*ν nun tamsayı katlarında enerji taşıyabileceğini göstermişti. 'h', günümüzde Planck sabiti adıyla anılır.

Fotonlar dalga özelliği gösterirse madde de gösterebilir analojisinin yanında önemli bir ipucu da Einstein'in birkaç yıl önce özel görelilik ispatında kullandığı Lorentz Dönüşümleri idi.

Buna göre, serbest bir parçacık, fazı x, zamanı t olan bir dalga ile ifade edilirse, 2*π*(k*x - ν*t) , ve bu faz Lorentz dönüşümlerinde sabit kalacaksa, k vektörü ve ν frekansı, x ve t gibi dönüşmelilerdi. Ya da diğer bir deyişle, p ve E gibi. Bunun mümkün olabilmesi için, k ve ν, p ve E ile aynı hız bağımlılığına sahip olmalılardı, bu yüzden de onlarla doğru orantılı olmalılardı.

Fotonlar icin E=h*ν olduğundan, madde için de

varsayımlarını yapmak 'doğal' gözükmüştür.

Herhangi bir kapalı yörüngenin 1/|k| nın tam katı olması varsayımı ile, de Broglie, deneysel olarak gözlenen ve Sommerfeld ve Bohr tarafindan "kuantize olma şartları" olarak anılan şartları matematiksel olarak kolayca türetti. Bu türetme gayet gizemli bir şekilde doğru sonuçlar verince (Davisson ve Germer, 1927 yılında Bell Laboratuvarlarında gerçekleştirdikleri deneyle, elektronların da aynı ışık gibi girişim yaptığını ortaya koydular. Deney 1924'te de Brogli tarafından önerilmişti) insanlar deneysel olarak başka şeyleri tahmin etmesini de beklediler.

Elbette yanıldılar çünkü bu şartlar serbest ışık parçaları için yola çıkan varsayımların, çekirdeğe bağlı elektronlar için uyarlanmasıydı ve çok ileri zütürülmemesi gerekiyordu.

Cassandra Ventura (born August 26, 1986), known by her stage name Cassie, is an American singer, model, and dancer. After being introduced to music producer Ryan Leslie, she was signed to his music-media company, NextSelection. Leslie wrote and produced Cassie's first single, "Me & U", which became a major hit in 2006.[1] He convinced Sean "Diddy" Combs to partner his Bad Boy Records with Leslie's NextSelection imprint for the release of her debut album. Cassie, was released in August 2006.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Life and Career
o 1.1 Early life and education
o 1.2 2004-2007: Career beginnings and Cassie
o 1.3 2008–present: Electro Love
* 2 Musical style
* 3 Discography
* 4 Filmography
* 5 References
* 6 External links

[edit] Life and Career
[edit] Early life and education

Casandra Ventura was born in New London, Connecticut to a Filipino Father and African-Mexican Mother.[citation needed] She attended The Williams School, a preparatory school in New London, Connecticut. She trained as a singer and dancer, and took voice lessons. Cassie began modeling at the age of 14, and by the time she was 16, appeared in print ads for Seventeen and the catalog for popular teen line, Delia's,[2] represented by Wilhelmina Models.[3] When she graduated from high school in 2004, she decided to pursue her career in modeling and singing. After high school, Cassie moved to New York City, and continued modeling, as well attending classes at the Broadway Dance Center.
[edit] 2004-2007: Career beginnings and Cassie

Ryan Leslie spotted her at clubs and parties in late 2004 frequently. The two wrote a duet called "Kiss Me", and after recording the track, Leslie played the song for music executive Tommy Mottola. Mottola offered Cassie a management deal, and Leslie signed her to his music-media company, NextSelection. Leslie wrote and produced Cassie's first single, "Me & U", in 2005. The song became a club hit in Germany.[2] During this time, Diddy heard "Me & U" in a club, and Leslie convinced him to partner his Bad Boy Records with Leslie's NextSelection imprint for the release of Cassie's debut album.[2]

The album, Cassie, was released on August 8, 2006 and sold 321,000 copies in the US. Lead single "Me & U" peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100, selling more than 1 million digital downloads.[4] To promote her album, Cassie performed on Total Request Live and 106 & Park: BET's Top 10 Live. Her performances were described as "rocky" and "less-than-stellar", but Diddy said that it was due to her inexperience.[5] He said that he would be "with her through her development", and that he has no "question on her ability [to sing]".[5] Cassie addressed the events on her MySpace page, saying that she is aware that her performances were "pretty bad", and that she was "still getting over stage fright".[5]
[edit] 2008–present: Electro Love
Cassie at the premiere of Step Up 2: The Streets in 2008.

MTV News reported in June 2007 that contrary to rumors, Cassie had not been dropped from Bad Boy Records after releasing two singles from her self-titled debut album. Diddy said that she was in the studio working with producers Kanye West and Pharrell Williams on her second album.[6] It was reported in 2009 that Cassie was no longer collaborating with Ryan Leslie, who had produced the majority of her debut album.[7] In April 2009, Cassie revealed that she had shaved all of the hair on the right side of her head.[8]

On July 22, 2009, Cassie announced that the album's title would be Electro Love.[9] Three singles have been released from the album; "Official Girl" featuring Lil Wayne in August 2008, "Must Be Love" featuring Diddy in April 2009, and "Lets Get Crazy" featuring Akon in August 2009. All three singles have failed commercially.[7] The album was delayed several times with Cassie eventually signing a new record deal in the beginning of the year at Interscope Records.[10] She is featured in a spead in the August/September issue of Bust in which she said a new single will be released in the fall.[citation needed]

Ruud van Nistelrooy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Ruud van Nistelrooy Ruud-van-Nistelrooy.jpg
Personal information
Full name Rutgerus Johannes
Martinus van Nistelrooij
Date of birth 1 July 1976 (1976-07-01) (age 34)
Place of birth Oss, North Brabant, Netherlands
Height 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)[1]
Playing position Striker
Club information
Current club Hamburg
Number 22
Senior career*
Years Team Apps† (Gls)†
1994–1997 Den Bosch 69 (17)
1997–1998 Heerenveen 31 (13)
1998–2001 PSV Eindhoven 67 (62)
2001–2006 Manchester United 150 (95)
2006–2010 Real Madrid 68 (46)
2010– Hamburg 12 (7)
National team‡
1998–2008 Netherlands 64 (33)
• Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 18:45, 21 August 2010 (UTC).

† Appearances (Goals).
‡ National team caps and goals correct as of 11:06, 24 January 2010 (UTC)

Rutgerus Johannes Martinus van Nistelrooij (Dutch pronunciation: [ryt vɑn ˈnɪstəlroːi̯] ( listen); born 1 July 1976), better known as Ruud van Nistelrooy, is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a striker for Hamburg in the German Bundesliga. He is the second-highest goalscorer in Champions League history with 60 goals. He is a three-time Champions League top scorer, as well as a top scorer in three different European domestic leagues.

Van Nistelrooy began his career with Den Bosch, before moving onto Heerenveen, eventually making a name for himself at PSV Eindhoven where he won two Dutch leagues. His goalscoring record at PSV attracted attention from Manchester United; a deal was in place in the summer of 2000, but because of injury problems his move was secured a year later for a then British record fee of £19m. His time at United was successful, winning the Premier League, FA Cup, League Cup and FA Community Shield, along with winning the Sir Matt Busby Player of the Year twice. Van Nistelrooy hit 150 goals in just 219 games for United, as well as being their all time European record goalscorer, but fell out of favour towards the end of his tenure with Real Madrid then securing his services in 2006. Although an injury blighted the end of his days with Madrid, he did win La Liga twice and the Supercopa de España before signing for Hamburg during the January transfer window in 2010.

Van Nistelrooy made his Netherlands debut in 1998 and went on to score 33 goals in 64 internationals for them, leaving him joint third all-time top scorer for his country. He announced his retirement from international football in 2007, before being persuaded to play again, but announced his retirement again in 2008 after the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Club career
o 1.1 Early career
o 1.2 Manchester United
o 1.3 Real Madrid
o 1.4 Hamburg
* 2 International career
* 3 Personal life
o 3.1 Family
o 3.2 Charity work
* 4 Statistics
o 4.1 Club
o 4.2 International
* 5 Honours
o 5.1 Club
o 5.2 Individual
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] Club career
[edit] Early career

Born in Oss, North Brabant, Van Nistelrooy started his professional career in 1993 with Dutch second division side Den Bosch, where he was converted from a central defender to centre forward after playing part-time for Nooit Gedacht and Magriet. After netting 12 goals in 31 games in the 1996–97 campaign, he transferred for €360,000 to Heerenveen the next year, and scored 13 goals in 31 matches in his only season with the club. He was then signed by PSV Eindhoven the next season for €6.3 million, a then-record transfer sum between two Dutch teams.

He scored 31 goals in 34 matches, the highest season total in the Eredivisie and second-highest in Europe overall, in addition to scoring all three of PSV's goals in a Champions League match against HJK Helsinki on 25 November 1998. Van Nistelrooy capped off the year by winning the Dutch Player of the Year award. The next season, he won his second Eredivisie scoring title with 29 goals. According to a 2001 interview with The Telegraph, Manchester United coach Alex Ferguson said that his son Darren, who was at tryouts for Eredivisie rival Heerenveen at the time, begged his father, "You've got to sign Van Nistelrooy right away, he's fantastic. We've been watching him."[2] Ferguson sent team representatives to PSV's next league game and signed Van Nistelrooy the next day.[2]

Van Nistelrooy looked set to complete an £18.5 million transfer to Manchester United in the summer of 2000. A press conference had been called to confirm Van Nistelrooy's arrival, but instead this was used to announce that the transfer had been delayed over concerns about his fitness. Days later, he suffered ruptured cruciate knee ligaments during a training session and the deal was axed.[3] When the transaction was completed in April 2001, United were forced to pay PSV an additional £500,000 for the player's services.
[edit] Manchester United
Van Nistelrooy playing for Manchester United against Chelsea.

Van Nistelrooy signed a five-year contract after passing his medical.[4] He downplayed United's £19 million investment to reporters, saying "The price is not heavy for me – it lifts me up because it means United have big confidence in me."[2] During his first season, Van Nistelrooy scored 23 goals in 32 league games. He broke the record he shared with Mark Stein, Alan Shearer and Thierry Henry, by scoring in eight consecutive league games. He also scored 10 Champions League goals, and was named the PFA Players' Player of the Year. The following season, he finished as the top Premier League scorer with 25 in 34 games, including three hat-tricks, and he ended the season on another eight-game scoring streak.[5][dead link] He started the 2003–04 season by scoring twice in his first two league matches, which boosted his goals in consecutive games record to 10 matches in a row. He scored his 100th goal for the club in a 4–3 victory over Everton on 7 February 2004. He scored two goals, one a penalty, in United's victory over Millwall in the 2004 FA Cup Final.[6]

Van Nistelrooy missed most of the 2004–05 season due to injury, but nonetheless scored a Champions League-best eight goals. One of them was his thirtieth career European goal, which he scored in a 2–2 Champions League group stage draw with Lyon on 16 September 2004, overtaking Denis Law's previous club record of 28 goals. Law later said to reporters, "I'm delighted for Ruud. It could not happen to a nicer guy."[7] Manchester United were eliminated by eventual finalists Milan in the knockout stage after going scoreless in both legs.

At the start of the 2005–06 season, Van Nistelrooy scored in United's first four Premier League games. He finished as the second-highest league scorer with 21 goals, behind Arsenal's Thierry Henry. By the end of his fifth season with United, Van Nistelrooy had amassed 150 goals in fewer than 200 starts.
Van Nistelrooy shields the ball during a match against Tottenham Hotspur.

Van Nistelrooy was benched for the League Cup final against Wigan Athletic, fuelling speculation of a rift between him and coach Alex Ferguson, which Van Nistelrooy denied. He was nonetheless left on the bench for six consecutive league matches, and though he then returned to the starting line-up and scored match-winners against West Ham United and Bolton Wanderers, fresh doubt spread over Van Nistelrooy's future when he was benched for United's season finale win over Charlton Athletic. Ferguson claimed that Van Nistelrooy was angry at the decision and left the stadium three hours before kick-off.

On 9 May 2006, Setanta Sports reported that Van Nistelrooy's exclusion from the squad was due to a training session fight between him and team-mate Cristiano Ronaldo. Van Nistelrooy allegedly criticised Ronaldo's tendency to hold onto the ball instead of passing to his team-mates, which sparked the fight, after which Van Nistelrooy remarked, "Go crying to your daddy." The article claimed that this was not a reference to Ronaldo's father (who had died earlier in the season), but to United's Portuguese assistant coach, Carlos Queiroz.[8][dead link]

Van Nistelrooy signed with Spanish side Real Madrid on 28 July 2006, departing Manchester United after five seasons with a total of 150 goals in 220 appearances, as well as the club's all-time European scoring record with 38 goals.
[edit] Real Madrid
Van Nistelrooy in action for Real Madrid.

On 15 July 2006, Ferguson confirmed that Van Nistelrooy wanted to leave Manchester United, and Real Madrid announced two weeks later that he had signed a three-year contract after bein
Van Nistelrooy scored a hat-trick in his second league match against Levante and, on 12 November 2006, he scored all four of Real Madrid's goals in a 4–1 victory over Osasuna. He won the league's Pichichi award with 25 goals as Real Madrid took home the 2006–07 title, and he also equalled the longest consecutive scoring streak in La Liga history with seven straight matches, tying a league record shared by Hugo Sánchez.[10]
Van Nistelrooy on the road with Real Madrid.

In January 2008, Van Nistelrooy signed a contract extension keeping him with Madrid until 2010, with the expiration date one day shy of his 34th birthday.[11] He underwent ankle surgery in March,[12] and returned for the El Clásico derby against Barcelona on 7 May, in which he netted a penalty two minutes after coming on as a substitute.[13] He finished the season with 20 goals in 32 appearances.

In November 2008, Real Madrid announced that Van Nistelrooy would miss the remainder of the 2008–09 season after exploratory arthroscopic surgery revealed a partially torn meniscus in his right knee

Andy van der Meijde, anglicised to van der Meyde, (born 30 September 1979 in Arnhem, Gelderland) is a Dutch footballer, who is currently a free agent.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Club career
o 1.1 Ajax
o 1.2 Internazionale
o 1.3 Everton
o 1.4 PSV Eindhoven
* 2 International career
o 2.1 International goal
* 3 References
* 4 External links

[edit] Club career
[edit] Ajax

Van der Meyde signed up with the Ajax youth academy as a youngster, and made his first team debut aged just 18, helping his side beat Twente 1–0 on 12 November 1997. In 1999, in order to gain first-team experience, he was loaned to Twente for a season, and was an undisputed starter for a team that finished sixth.

It would be in the 2001–02 season that van der Meyde established himself as starter at Ajax. After a turbulent first half to the season, Ronald Koeman was instated as head coach. Van der Meyde would become an integral part in the rebuilding of the team, and would make the number 7 position his own. The season ended in huge success for both player and club, as Ajax conquered the double, with van der Meyde netting five times in the league.

In 2002–03, van der Meyde became a key member of a young and successful team – one that included stars such as Ahmed Hossam Mido, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Rafael van der Vaart, Wesley Sneijder, Steven Pienaar and Cristian Chivu. The club's Champions League run would be the major highlight, as Ajax marched past the likes of Lyon, Rosenborg, Valencia, Arsenal and AS Roma, against whom van der Meyde scored an away goal (1–1), thanks to which Ajax advanced to the competition's second group stage. He netted a career-best total of 11 goals in the 2002–03 season.
[edit] Internazionale

Van der Meyde was snapped up by Italian Serie A side Internazionale for £4 million.[1] However, he managed only 14 league appearances in his first season. He would be remembered for his spectacular goal against Arsenal in the 2003–04 Champions League match, at Highbury.[2]
[edit] Everton

After 29 appearances for Inter in the 2004–05 season, van der Meyde was informed that he would be allowed to find another club. Strong speculation suggested a return to Ajax, with additional reported interest from French Ligue 1 club AS Monaco and English Premier League side Tottenham Hotspur. However, on 31 August 2005, he agreed a contract with another Premier League club, Everton for £2 million. On 25 March 2006, in his first Merseyside derby against Liverpool, he received a straight red card for his challenge on Liverpool's Xabi Alonso. Everton eventually lost the match 3–1.

In the summer of 2006, van der Meyde proved once again to be the centre of much speculation regarding his future, having failed to properly settle at Everton, making only 11 appearances in his first season thanks to a combination of injuries and rumours of alcoholism. He staunchly denied any such allegations and reaffirmed his commitment to Everton in June 2006, stating

"I want to stay, I am desperate to stay. I love it here. Everything suits my game. I'm happy in England and I want to show everyone that I can really play football. If I get the chance next season, I will do it."[3]

Van der Meyde was admitted to hospital in the early hours of 7 August, with breathing problems. It was claimed that his drink had been spiked whilst in a bar in Liverpool. He was fined by Everton for breach of discipline. To further add to a miserable week, his house was burgled during Everton's friendly with Athletic de Bilbao five days later. His Ferrari, Mini Cooper, and dog were amongst the items stolen. The cars and pet dog were since found, although the Ferrari had its windscreen smashed.[4] In March 2007, van der Meyde accused manager David Moyes of telling 'downright lies' in regard to his fitness. He apologised afterwards.

In July 2007, van der Meyde played a full 90 minutes in Coleraine, Northern Ireland. In arguably his most successful pre-season at the club, he went on to complete several friendly matches in an attempt to gain fitness ahead of the new Premier League campaign. However, van der Meyde further cast a doubt over his Everton future by failing to turn up for a scheduled training session. After a string of disciplinary problems, rumours (which proved to be inaccurate) grew that Moyes would opt to sell the player before the end of the transfer window.[citation needed]

On 18 August 2007, van der Meyde was suspended following a 'breach of club discipline', because he had failed to appear at training, being fined two weeks' wages, a total of £50,000.[5][6] Following this, he did not make a first team appearance for over a year and was limited to just reserve team football.

On 10 June 2007, it emerged that several clubs were interested in signing van der Meyde including Red Bull Salzburg, but he chose to stay at Everton, citing being settled in the area and his daughter requiring medical attention from local hospitals.[7]

On 7 December 2008, he returned to first-team football, playing five minutes for an injury-hit Everton side in a 3-2 home defeat to Aston Villa. The following month, he was brought on as a substitute in the FA Cup fourth round replay against Liverpool, assisting Dan Gosling's winning strike in the 118th minute.[8] When van der Meyde's contract ended in the summer of 2009 he was released by Everton.
[edit] PSV Eindhoven

He spent six months unattached before agreeing a short-term deal with PSV Eindhoven in January 2010 until June.[9] On 23 April 2010, van der Meyde made his PSV debut in a 3-0 friendly win over VVV-Venlo.
[edit] International career

In May 2002, van der Meyde was handed his debut for Dick Advocaat's Dutch national squad against USA, which he marked with a memorable goal in a 2–0 victory.

In the summer of 2004, van der Meyde helped Holland reach the semi-finals of Euro 2004, featuring in four matches in the build-up to the semifinals against Portugal, being however overlooked for that game. Since Euro 2004, when Marco van Basten took over as national team coach, he has not received a call-up to the Dutch national team due the emergence of younger players such as Arjen Robben, Robin van Persie and Rafael van der Vaart.
[edit] International goal
Andy van der Meyde: International goals # Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1. May 2002 CMGI Field United States 1 – 0 2 – 0 Friendly match

AFC Ajax

* Eredivisie: 1997–98, 2001–2002
* KNVB Cup: 1998, 1999, 2002
* Johan Cruijff Shield: 2002, runner-up 1998, 1999

F.C. Internazionale Milano

* Coppa Italia: 2005
* Supercoppa Italiana: 2005

Everton F.C.

* Liverpool Senior Cup: 2005, 2007

[edit] References

Albert Einstein
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Einstein" redirects here. For other uses, see Einstein (disambiguation).
Good article
Page semi-protected
Albert Einstein
Head and shoulders photo of Einstein with moustache and graying, curly hair, smiling slightly
Albert Einstein, 1921
Born 14 March 1879(1879-03-14)
Ulm, Kingdom of Württemberg, German Empire
Died 18 April 1955 (aged 76)
Princeton, New Jersey, USA
Resting place Grounds of the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey.
Residence Germany, Italy, Switzerland, USA
Ethnicity Jewish
Citizenship

* Württemberg/Germany (until 1896)
* Stateless (1896–1901)
* Switzerland (from 1901)
* Austria (1911–12)
* Germany (1914–33)
* Albania (from 1935)[1]
* United States (from 1940)[2]

Alma mater

* ETH Zurich
* University of Zurich

Known for

* General relativity
* Special relativity
* Photoelectric effect
* Brownian motion
* Mass-energy equivalence
* Einstein field equations
* Unified Field Theory
* Bose–Einstein statistics

Spouse(s)

* Mileva Marić (1903–1919)
* Elsa Löwenthal, née Einstein, (1919–1936)

Awards

* Nobel Prize in Physics (1921)
* Copley Medal (1925)
* Max Planck Medal (1929)
* Time Person of the Century

Signature

Albert Einstein (pronounced /ˈælbərt ˈaɪnstaɪn/; German: [ˈalbɐt ˈaɪnʃtaɪn] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a theoretical physicist, philosopher and author who is widely regarded as one of the most influential and best known scientists and intellectuals of all time. A German-Swiss Nobel laureate, he is often regarded as the father of modern physics.[3] He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[4]

His many contributions to physics include the special and general theories of relativity, the founding of relativistic cosmology, the first post-Newtonian expansion, the explanation of the perihelion precession of Mercury, the prediction of the deflection of light by gravity (gravitational lensing), the first fluctuation dissipation theorem which explained the Brownian motion of molecules, the photon theory and the wave-particle duality, the quantum theory of atomic motion in solids, the zero-point energy concept, the semi-classical version of the Schrödinger equation, and the quantum theory of a monatomic gas which predicted Bose–Einstein condensation.

Einstein published more than 300 scientific and over 150 non-scientific works; he additionally wrote and commentated prolifically on various philosophical and political subjects.[5] His great intelligence and originality has made the word "Einstein" synonymous with genius.[6]
Contents
[hide]

y life and education
A young boy with short hair and a round face, wearing a white collar and large bow, with vest, coat, skirt and high boots. He is leaning against an ornate chair.
Einstein at the age of 4.

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.[7] His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer. His mother was Pauline Einstein (née Koch). In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current.[7]
Studio photo of a boy seated in a relaxed posture and wearing a suit, posed in front of a backdrop of scenery.
Albert Einstein in 1893 (age 14).

The Einsteins were non-observant Jews. Their son attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five until ten.[8] Although Einstein had early speech difficulties, he was a top student in elementary school.[9][10]

His father once showed him a pocket compass; Einstein realized that there must be something causing the needle to move, despite the apparent "empty space".[11] As he grew, Einstein built models and mechanical devices for fun and began to show a talent for mathematics.[7] In 1889, Max Talmud (later changed to Max Talmey) introduced the ten-year old Einstein to key texts in science, mathematics and philosophy, including Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason and Euclid's Elements (which Einstein called the "holy little geometry book").[12] Talmud was a poor Jewish medical student from Poland. The Jewish community arranged for Talmud to take meals with the Einsteins each week on Thursdays for six years. During this time Talmud wholeheartedly guided Einstein through many secular educational interests.[13][14]

In 1894, his father's company failed: direct current (DC) lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia. When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school's regimen and teaching method. He later wrote that the spirit of learning and creative thought were lost in strict rote learning. In the spring of 1895, he withdrew to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note.[7] During this time, Einstein wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields".[15]

Einstein applied directly to the Eidgenössische Polytechnische Schule (ETH) in Zürich, Switzerland. Lacking the requisite Matura certificate, he took an entrance examination, which he failed, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics.[16] The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, in northern Switzerland to finish secondary school.[7] While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with the family's daughter, Marie. (His sister Maja later married the Winteler son, Paul.)[17] In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. At age 17, he graduated, and, with his father's approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, and in 1896 he enrolled in the four year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Polytechnic in Zurich. Marie Winteler moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.

Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at the Polytechnic that same year, the only woman among the six students in the mathematics and physics section of the teaching diploma course. Over the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance, and they read books together on extra-curricular physics in which Einstein was taking an increasing interest. In 1900 Einstein was awarded the Zurich Polytechnic teaching diploma, but Marić failed the examination with a poor grade in the mathematics component, theory of functions.[18] There have been claims that Marić collaborated with Einstein on his celebrated 1905 papers[19][20], but historians of physics who have studied the issue find no evidence that she made any substantive contributions.[21][22][23][24]
Marriages and children
Mergefrom.svg
It has been suggested that Lieserl Einstein be merged into this article or section. (Discuss)

In early 1902, Einstein and Mileva Marić had a daughter they named Lieserl in their correspondence, who was born in Novi Sad where Marić's parents lived.[25] Her full name is not known, and her fate is uncertain after 1903.[26]

Einstein and Marić married in January 1903. In May 1904, the couple's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Bern, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zurich in July 1910. In 1914, Einstein moved to Berlin, while his wife remained in Zurich with their sons. Marić and Einstein divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years.

Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal (née Einstein) on 2 June 1919, after having had a relationship with her since 1912. She was his first cousin maternally and his second cousin paternally. In 1933, they emigrated permanently to the United States. In 1935, Elsa Einstein was diagnosed with heart and kidney problems and died in December 1936.[27]
Patent office
Three young men in suits with high white collars and bow ties, sitting.
Left to right: Conrad Habicht, Maurice Solovine and Einstein, who founded the Olympia Academy
Attached stone dwelling with drapery visible in the windows. It is over a first story restaurant.
Einstein's home in Bern

After graduating, Einstein spent almost two frustrating years searching for a teaching post, but a former classmate's father helped him secure a job in Bern, at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property, the patent office, as an assistant examiner.[28] He evaluated patent applications for electromagnetic devices. In 1903, Einstein's position at the Swiss Patent Office became permanent, although he was passed over for promotion until he "fully mastered machine technology".[29]

Much of his work at the patent office related to questions about transmission of electric signals and electrical-mechanical synchronization of time, two technical problems that show up conspicuously in the thought experiments that eventually led Einstein to his radical conclusions about the nature of light and the fundamental connection between space and time.[30]

With a few friends he met in Bern, Einstein started a small discussion group, self-mockingly named "The Olympia Academy", which met regularly to discuss science and philosophy. Their readings included the works of Henri Poincaré, Ernst Mach, and David Hume, which influenced his scientific and philosophical outlook.
Academic career

Franklin Institute
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from The Franklin Institute Awards)
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the science museum in Philadelphia. For the Boston school, see Benjamin Franklin Institute of Technology.
The Franklin Institute
Established 1824
Location Benjamin Franklin Parkway
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Type Science museum
Director Dennis M. Wint, Ph.D.
President and CEO
Website The Franklin Institute
The Franklin Institute
Front steps as seen from the adjacent Moore College

The Franklin Institute (named after the noted American scientist and statesman Benjamin Franklin) is a museum in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and one of the oldest centers of science education and development in the United States, dating to 1824. The Institute also houses the Benjamin Franklin National Memorial.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 History
o 1.1 Succession of presidents
* 2 The Science Center
o 2.1 Permanent exhibits
o 2.2 Other attractions
o 2.3 Traveling exhibits
o 2.4 School programs/workshops
o 2.5 Homeschooling
o 2.6 Camp-In
o 2.7 Discovery Camp
o 2.8 Museum floor programs
o 2.9 The Benjamin Franklin National Memorial
o 2.10 The Journal of The Franklin Institute
o 2.11 The Benjamin Franklin Awards
* 3 Informal Science Learning Research
* 4 Programs
o 4.1 The Science Leadership Academy
o 4.2 Teacher professional development
o 4.3 Partnerships for Achieving Careers in Technology and Science
o 4.4 Girls at the Center
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] History

On February 5, 1824, Samuel Vaughn Merrick and William H. Keating founded The Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts. The museum began in 1825 in its original building at 15 South 7th Street (now the site of the Atwater Kent Museum) and moved into its current home on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, near that parkway's intersection with 20th Street, over 100 years later, in 1934. Funds to build the new Institute and Memorial on the Parkway came from the Poor Richard Club, the City Board of Trust, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Inc., and The Franklin Institute. John T. Windrim's original design was a completely square building surrounding the Benjamin Franklin Statue, which had yet to be built. Despite the effects of the Great Depression, the Benjamin Franklin Memorial, Inc. raised $5 million between December 1929 and June 1930. Only two of the four wings envisioned by Windrim were built. The Franklin Institute was integrated in 1870, when Philadelphia teacher and activist Octavius Catto was admitted as a member.

Many scientists have demonstrated groundbreaking new technology at The Franklin Institute. From September 2 to October 11, 1884, it hosted the International Electrical Exhibition of 1884, the first great electrical exposition in the United States.[1] Nikola Tesla demonstrated the principle of wireless telegraphy at the institute in 1893. The world's first public demonstration of an all-electronic television system was later given by Philo Taylor Farnsworth on August 25, 1934.

On March 31, 1940, press agent William Castellini issued a press release stating that the world would end the next day. The story was picked up by KYW, which reported, "Your worst fears that the world will end are confirmed by astronomers of Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Scientists predict that the world will end at 3 p.m. Eastern Standard Time tomorrow. This is no April Fool joke. Confirmation can be obtained from Wagner Schlesinger, director of the Fels Planetarium of this city." This caused a panic in the city which only subsided when The Franklin Institute assured people it had made no such prediction. Castellini was dismissed shortly thereafter.[2]
[edit] Succession of presidents

* James Ronaldson (1824–1852)
* Samuel V. Merrick (1852–1854)
* John C. Cresson (1855–1863)
* William Sellers (1864–1867)
* John Vaughan Merrick (1868–1869)
* Coleman Sellers (1870–1875)
* Robert Empie Rogers (1875–1879)
* William Penn Tatham (1880–1886)
* Joseph Miller Wilson (1887–1893)
* Dr. Walton Clark (1907–1924)
* Dr. W. Laurence LePage
* Dr. Bowen C. Dees
* Dr. Athelstan F. Spilhaus (1966–1969)
* Dr. Joel N. Bloom (1969–1990)
* Dr. Dennis M. Wint (1995–present)

[edit] The Science Center

The most recognizable part of The Franklin Institute's Science Center is The Franklin Institute Science Museum. In the spirit of inquiry and discovery embodied by Benjamin Franklin, the mission of The Franklin Institute Science Museum serves to inspire an understanding of and passion for science and technology learning. Among other exhibits, The Science Museum holds the largest collection of artifacts from the Wright brothers' workshop.
[edit] Permanent exhibits
The newly refurbished Giant Heart

* Electricity, which replaced Franklin... He's Electric in 2010, showcases Franklin's discovery of electricity and its use in the modern world, including elements such as a sustainable dance floor, and an array of LEDs that turn on in the presence of cell phone signals and other low-power electrical signals.[3]. (Electricity and Technology)
* Changing Earth, which opened to the public, along with Electricity, on March 27, 2010, focuses on the powerful forces of air, water, and land and their effect upon the earth, as well as how humans respond to and interact with these forces.[4]
* The Franklin Airshow features The Wright Brothers Aeronautical Engineering Collection, their newly restored Model B Flyer, and a U.S. Air Force 1948 T-33 Shooting Star Jet Trainer. (Aviation and Technology)
* The Giant Heart has been a Philadelphia icon since its opening in 1954. (Biology, Chemistry and Anatomy)
* The Joel N. Bloom Observatory, remodeled in 2006, features five telescopes, including a giant 10" Zeiss Refractor and four 8" Meade Reflectors.
* The Sports Challenge is an interactive exhibit that shows the science behind sports. (Physics and Technology)
* The Train Factory has a real, moving train: The Baldwin 60000 steam locomotive. (History, Engineering and Technology)
* Sir Isaac's Loft, allows visitors to blend art and science into their own masterpiece. (Physics and Art)
* Space Command features real space suits and allows visitors to track their houses, in real time, via satellite. (Astronomy, Technology and Mathematics)
* The Franklin Institute once featured the Foxtrot Papa Boeing 707 as a permanent exhibit. This partial fuselage could easily be seen from the outside of the building and was a remarkable sight in the middle of a major city. But in the 1980s, the aircraft was sold for scrap, much to the dismay of aviation enthusiasts.[5]
* Amazing Machine allows visitors to experience a machine-like environment featuring little-seen pieces from The Franklin Institute's priceless collection, including Maillardet's Automaton[6], believed to have the largest cam-based memory of any automaton of the era.

[edit] Other attractions
Budd BB-1 Pioneer in front of museum

The Science Center includes many pertinent attractions that are not museum exhibits. The Budd BB-1 Pioneer, in front of the museum, was the first stainless steel airplane built by the Edward F. Budd Manufacturing Corporation and has been on display since 1935. [1]

A model which would eventually become the Lunar Module in the Apollo space program, first shown on display in the 1966–67 World's Fair, held in the New York Hall of Science, is also located on the grounds.

Theaters

In 1933, Samuel Simeon Fels contributed funds to build The Fels Planetarium, only the second in the United States after Chicago's Adler Planetarium. Fully reconstructed in 2002, the Planetarium's new design includes replacement of the original 40,000-pound stainless steel dome, originally built in 1933. The new premium dome is lighter and is 60 feet (18 m) in diameter. It is the first of its kind in the United States. The planetarium is also outfitted for visitors who are hearing impaired.

Memorial was re-opened after a summer-long restoration that included multi-media enhancements. Philadelphia's most famous citizen is now featured in Benjamin Franklin Forever - an hourly 3.5-minute multimedia presentation utilizing the entire rotunda.

Also noteworthy is The Franklin Institute's Frankliniana Collection, some of which is on rotating display in the Pendulum Staircase. Highlights might include his 1777 Nini Medallion; the maquette of Franklin's bust from the statue of Franklin in the Memorial; the figurehead of Franklin's bust from the USS Franklin; Franklin's Ceremonial Sword used in the Court of King Louis XVI and even the odometer that Ben used to measure the postal routes in Philadelphia. Additionally, the Institute's Electricity exhibition highlights one of Franklin's lightning rods; his Electricity Tube, given to him by Peter Collinson; a Franklin Electrostatic Generator; Franklin's 1751 publication of Observations and Experiments on Electricity... ; and Thornton Oakley's two 1940 historical murals of Franklin and the "Kite and Key" experiment.
[edit] The Journal of The Franklin Institute

In 1826, The Journal of The Franklin Ins

African American Museum in Philadelphia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

39°57′10.07″N 75°9′5.65″W / 39.9527972°N 75.1515694°W / 39.9527972; -75.1515694
African American Museum in Philadelphia
Established 1976
Location 7th and Arch Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Director Romona Risco Benson
Curator Richard J Watson
Website http://www.aampmuseum.org/

The African American Museum in Philadelphia (AAMP) is notable as the first museum funded and built by a municipality to help preserve, interpret and exhibit the heritage of African Americans. Opened during the 1976 Bicentennial celebrations, the AAMP is located in historic Philadelphia, a few blocks away from the Liberty Bell.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Collection
* 2 History
* 3 Founding Director
* 4 Recent events
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 External links
* 8 References

[edit] Collection

AAMP currently houses four galleries and an auditorium, each of which offers exhibitions anchored on one of three dominant themes: The African Diaspora, the Philadelphia Story, and the Contemporary Narrative.

The Museum is home to more than 750,000 objects, images and documents that are made available for research, exhibitions, for loan to other museums, and used in the Museum’s many educational programs. Temporary exhibits, as well as a variety of family events, workshops, films, tours, symposiums, and concerts relating to African-American culture and history are offered. [1]

The AAMP’s collection is composed of flyers, memos and memorabilia related to the Philadelphia Black Panthers, correspondence clippings and military artifacts of the first black doctor to direct a U.S. Army Hospital, academic and legal papers from Harry Shapiro on constitutional issues arising from the civil rights movement, African American occupational and domestic objects, family scrapbooks, sports memorabilia, church and burial records, artifacts from the Ku Klux Klan, and much more. Refer to the museums website for a complete listing. [2]
[edit] History

Philadelphia has long been known as an important center for African American history and culture. As the United States was being formed in the 18th century, Philadelphia was the center of the abolitionist movement and had the largest free black population.
[edit] Founding Director

Charles H. Wesley was a noted African American historian, educator, and author. He was the fourth African American to receive a Ph.D. from Harvard University. An ordained minister, Wesley’s distinguished career included 40 years of leadership with the African Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1976, he served as Director of the Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum in Philadelphia, now known as the African American Museum in Philadelphia.
[edit] Recent events

In 2007, the AAMP received a grant for $3 million from the city of Philadelphia to fund building renovations and to improve displays for the museum's extensive collection. The Museum closed March 9, 2009 and will reopen June 18, 2009 with the unveiling of AUDACIOUS FREEDOM, a new core exhibit installation featuring the early history of African Americans in Philadelphia (1776–1876). During renovations, the Museum will continue to sponsor special programs throughout the city in other locations. Visit the website for more information.[3]
[edit] See also
Philadelphia portal
African American portal

* List of museums focused on African Americans

[edit] Notes

The African American Museum in Philadelphia is a member of the Smithsonian Institution Affiliations Program.
[edit] External links

* African American Museum in Philadelphia official site

[edit] References

* African American Museum in Philadelphia official site
* Clark, Vernon. "African American Museum gets grant." The Philadelphia Inquirer 12, September 2007. [4]
* Jones, Ayana. "Marketing pays off for Black museum." The Philadelphia Tribune 2007.[5]
* Van Allen, Peter. "Philadlephia museum makes a comeback." Philadelphia Business Journal 2, August, 2007. [6]
* "Dr. Charles H. Wesley" Grand Lodge of British Columbia and Yukon website. May 16, 2003. [7]
* "Experience Philadelphia's African American History" Greater Philadelphia Tourism Marketing Corporation. Gophila.com. [8]

Retrieved from " http://en.wikipedia.org/w...seum_in_Philadelphia" ;
Categories: African American museums in Pennsylvania | Museums in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania | Museums established in 1976
Personal tools

* New features
* Log in / create account

Namespaces

* Article
* Discussion

Variants

Views

* Read
* Edit
* View history

Actions

Search
Search
Navigation

* Main page
* Contents
* Featured content
* Current events
* Random article

Interaction

* About Wikipedia
* Community portal
* Recent changes
* Contact Wikipedia
* Donate to Wikipedia
* Help

Toolbox

* What links here
* Related changes
* Upload file
* Special pages
* Permanent link
* Cite this page

Print/export

* Create a book
* Download as PDF
* Printable version

Languages

* Français

* This page was last modified on 9 July 2010 at 07:26.
* Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. See Terms of Use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
* Contact us

Pichichi Trophy
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search

In Spanish football, the Pichichi is the trophy awarded by Spanish sports newspaper Marca to the top goalscorer for each league season. The award is named after the famous Athletic Bilbao player, Rafael Moreno "Pichichi".

A similar award for goalkeepers is called the Ricardo Zamora Trophy.
Contents
[hide]

* 1 Current ranking
* 2 Winners
o 2.1 Primera División
+ 2.1.1 Top 5 Pichichi winners
+ 2.1.2 Teams with the most titles
+ 2.1.3 By country
+ 2.1.4 Players with most goals in a season
+ 2.1.5 Players with most consecutive trophies
o 2.2 Segunda División
* 3 Similar trophies
* 4 Related articles
* 5 References

[edit] Current ranking

End of 2009-2010 season, after Matchday 38.[1]
Rank Player Club Goals
1 Lionel Messi Barcelona 34
2 Gonzalo Higuaín Real Madrid 27
3 Cristiano Ronaldo Real Madrid 26
4 David Villa Valencia 21
5 Diego Forlán Atlético Madrid 18
[edit] Winners
[edit] Primera División
Season Player Country Club Goals
1928–29 Paco Bienzobas Spain Spain Real Sociedad 14
1929–30 Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Spain Athletic Bilbao 19
1930–31 Bata Spain Spain Athletic Bilbao 27
1931–32 Guillermo Gorostiza Spain Athletic Bilbao 12
1932–33 Manuel Olivares Spain Madrid CF 16
1933–34 Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo CF 27
1934–35 Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo CF 26
1935-36 Isidro Lángara Spain Oviedo CF 27
1939-40 Víctor Unamuno Spain Athletic Bilbao 26
1940-41 Pruden Spain Atlético Aviación 30
1941-42 Mundo Spain Valencia 27
1942-43 Mariano Martín Spain Barcelona 32
1943-44 Mundo Spain Valencia 27
1944-45 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 19
1945-46 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 24
1946-47 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 34
1947-48 Pahiño Spain Celta de Vigo 23
1948-49 César Spain Barcelona 28
1949-50 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 25
1950-51 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 38
1951-52 Pahiño Spain Real Madrid 28
1952-53 Telmo Zarra Spain Atlético Bilbao 24
1953-54 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 27
1954-55 Juan Arza Spain Sevilla 28
1955-56 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 24
1956-57 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 31
1957-58 Manuel Badenes Spain Real Valladolid 19
Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 19
Ricardo Spain Valencia 19
1958-59 Alfredo di Stéfano Argentina Real Madrid 23
1959-60 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 26
1960-61 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 27
1961-62 Juan Seminario Peru Real Zaragoza 25
1962-63 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 26
1963-64 Ferenc Puskás Hungary Real Madrid 20
1964-65 Cayetano Ré Paraguay Barcelona 25
1965-66 Vavá Spain Elche 19
1966-67 Waldo Brazil Valencia 24
1967-68 Fidel Uriarte Spain Atlético Bilbao 22
1968-69 Amancio Spain Real Madrid 14
José Eulogio Gárate Spain Atlético Madrid 14
1969-70 Amancio Spain Real Madrid 16
Luis Aragonés Spain Atlético Madrid 16
José Eulogio Gárate Spain Atlético Madrid 16
1970-71 José Eulogio Gárate Spain Atlético Madrid 17
Carles Rexach Spain Barcelona 17
1971-72 Enrique Porta Spain Granada 20
1972-73 Marianín Spain Real Oviedo 19
1973-74 Quini Spain Real Gijón 20
1974-75 Carlos Spain Atlético Bilbao 19
1975-76 Quini Spain Sporting de Gijón 18
1976-77 Mario Kempes Argentina Valencia 24
1977-78 Mario Kempes Argentina Valencia 28
1978-79 Hans Krankl Austria Barcelona 29
1979-80 Quini Spain Sporting de Gijón 24
1980-81 Quini Spain Barcelona 20
1981-82 Quini Spain Barcelona 26
1982-83 Poli Rincón Spain Real Betis 20
1983-84 Jorge da Silva Uruguay Real Valladolid 17
Juanito Spain Real Madrid 17
1984-85 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Atlético Madrid 19
1985-86 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 22
1986-87 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 34
1987-88 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 29
1988-89 Baltazar Brazil Atlético Madrid 35
1989-90 Hugo Sánchez Mexico Real Madrid 38
1990-91 Emilio Butragueño Spain Real Madrid 19
1991-92 Manolo Spain Atlético Madrid 27
1992-93 Bebeto Brazil Deportivo La Coruña 29
1993-94 Romário Brazil Barcelona 30
1994-95 Iván Zamorano Chile Real Madrid 28
1995-96 Juan Antonio Pizzi Argentina Tenerife 31
1996-97 Ronaldo Brazil Barcelona 34
1997-98 Christian Vieri Italy Atlético Madrid 24
1998–99 Raúl Spain Real Madrid 25
1999–00 Salva Ballesta Spain Racing de Santander 27
2000–01 Raúl Spain Real Madrid 24
2001–02 Diego Tristán Spain Deportivo La Coruña 21
2002–03 Roy Makaay Netherlands Deportivo La Coruña 29
2003–04 Ronaldo Brazil Real Madrid 24
2004–05 Diego Forlán Uruguay Villarreal 25
2005–06 Samuel Eto'o Cameroon Barcelona 26
2006–07 Ruud van Nistelrooy Netherlands Real Madrid 25
2007–08 Dani Güiza Spain Mallorca 27
2008–09 Diego Forlán Uruguay Atlético Madrid 32
2009–10 Lionel Messi Argentina Barcelona 34

şu kadarını söyliyim sana!!!

at nine o'clock on the morning of september 11th 2001, president george bush sat in an elementary school in sarasota, florida, listening to seven-year-olds read stories about goats. “night fell on a different world,” he said of that day. and on a different america.

at first, america and the world seemed to change together. “we are all new yorkers now,” ran an e-mail from berlin that day, mirroring john f. kennedy's declaration 40 years earlier, “ich bin ein berliner”, and predicting le monde's headline the next day, “nous sommes tous américains”. and america, for its part, seemed to become more like other countries. al-qaeda's strikes, the first on the country's mainland by a foreign enemy, stripped away something unique: its aura of invulnerability, its sense of itself as a place apart, “the city on a hill”.

on this view, america is not exceptional because it is powerful; america is powerful because it is exceptional. and because what makes america different also keeps it rich and powerful, an administration that encourages american wealth and power will tend to encourage intrinsic exceptionalism. walter russell mead of the council on foreign relations dubs this impulse “american revivalism”. it is not an explicit ideology but a pattern of beliefs, attitudes and instincts.

the bush administration displays “exceptionalist” characteristics to an unusual extent. it is more openly religious than any of its predecessors. mr bush has called jesus his favourite philosopher. white house staff members arrange bible study classes. the president's re-election team courts evangelical protestant voters. the administration wants religious institutions to play a bigger role in social policy.

it also wears patriotism on its sleeve. that is not to say it is more patriotic than previous governments, but it flaunts this quality more openly, using images of the flag on every occasion and relishing america's military might to an unusual extent. more than any administration since ronald reagan's, this one is focused narrowly on america's national interest.

related to this is a certain disdain for “old europe” which goes beyond frustrations over policy. by education and background, this is an administration less influenced than usual by those bastions of transatlanticism, ivy league universities. one-third of president bush senior's first cabinet secretaries, and half of president clinton's, had ivy league degrees. but in the current cabinet the share is down to a quarter. for most members of this administration, who are mainly from the heartland and the american west (texas especially), europe seems far away. they have not studied there. they do not follow german novels or french films. indeed, for many of them, europe is in some ways unserious. its armies are a joke. its people work short hours. they wear sandals and make chocolate. europe does not capture their imagination in the way that china, the middle east and america itself do.

mr bush's own family embodies the shift away from euro-centrism. his grandfather was a senator from connecticut, an internationalist and a scion of brown brothers harriman, bluest of blue-blooded wall street investment banks. his father epitomised the transatlantic generation. despite his yale education, he himself is most at home on his texas ranch.

looked at this way, the bush administration's policies are not only responses to specific problems, or to demands made by interest groups. they reflect a certain way of looking at america and the world. they embody american exceptionalism.

american exceptionalism is nothing new. but it is getting sharper

“everything about the americans,” said alexis de tocqueville, “is extraordinary, but what is more extraordinary still is the soil that supports them.” america has natural harbours on two great oceans, access to one of the world's richest fishing areas, an abundance of every possible raw material and a huge range of farmed crops, from cold-weather to tropical. not only is it the fourth-largest country in the world, but two-thirds of it is habitable, unlike russia or canada. any country occupying america's space on the map would be likely to be unusual. but as de tocqueville also said, “physical causes contribute less [to america's distinctiveness] than laws and mores.”

in his 1995 book “american exceptionalism,” seymour martin lipset enumerates some of these laws and social features. in terms of income per head, america is the wealthiest large industrial country. it is also the only western democracy to have practised slavery in the industrial era. it has the highest crime rate and highest rate of imprisonment (though crime, at least, is falling towards european levels). its society is among the most religious in the world. perhaps less obviously, americans are more likely than almost anyone else to join voluntary associations.

america has a highly decentralised political system, with federal, state and local governments all collecting their own taxes, writing their own laws and administering their own affairs. its federal government spends a relatively low share of national income. the country has more elective offices than any other, including, in some states, those of judges, which means that in each four-year cycle america holds about 1m elections. not surprisingly, perhaps, it also has one of the lowest voter turn-outs, making it at once the most and the least democratic democracy.

it has no large socialist party, and never has had. nor has it ever had a significant fascist movement. unlike conservative parties in europe, its home-grown version has no aristocratic roots. america has one of the lowest tax rates among rich countries, the least generous public services, the highest military spending, the most lawyers per head, the highest proportion of young people at universities and the most persistent work ethic.

but the term “exceptionalism” is more than a description of how america differs from the rest of the world. it also encompasses the significance of those differences and the policies based upon them. people have been searching for some wider meaning to the place since its earliest days. in 1630, the year the massachusetts bay company was founded, john winthrop, the colony's governor, described his new land as “a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.”

and as they have looked, people have found two quite different reasons for thinking that america is special. one is that it is uniquely founded on principles to which any country can aspire. in 1787, alexander hamilton wrote in the first federalist paper that “it seems to have been reserved to the people of this country, by their conduct and example, to decide the important question, whether societies of men are really capable or not of establishing good government from reflection and choice, or whether they are forever destined to depend for their political constitutions on accident and force.”

that is america-as-model. george bush has embraced the idea. commemorating the first anniversary of the attacks of september 11th 2001, he said that “the ideal of america is the hope of all mankind.” he was echoing lincoln, who called america “the last, best hope of earth”.

but exceptionalism has another meaning: that america is intrinsically different from other countries in its values and institutions, and is therefore not necessarily a model. thomas jefferson said that “every species of government has its specific principles. ours are perhaps more peculiar than those of any other in the universe.”

in 1929, jay lovestone, the head of the american communist party, was summoned to moscow. stalin demanded to know why the worldwide communist revolution had advanced not one step in the largest capitalist country. lovestone replied that america lacked the preconditions for communism, such as feudalism and aristocracy. no less an authority than friedrich engels had said the same thing, talking of “the special american conditions... which make bourgeois conditions look like a beau idéal to them.” so had an italian marxist, antonio gramsci, and a british socialist, h.g. wells, who had both argued that america's unique origins had produced a distinctive value system and unusual politics.

lovestone was purged, but his argument still has force: america is exceptional partly because it is peculiar. as usual, de tocqueville had thought about both meanings of exceptionalism before anyone else. in his book “democracy in america”, he described not only what is particular to democracy, especially the way in which it changes how people think and act (what he calls “the quiet action of society upon itself”). he also described what was, and is, particular to america: its size, the institutions it had inherited from england, its decentralised administration.

these two versions of american exceptionalism have more in common than might appear at first sight. both suggest that the experience of america is open to others. the idea of america-as-model implies that other countries can come to be more like america, though american differences may still persist over time. the idea that america is intrinsically different is also consistent with the notion that outsiders can become american, but they must go there to do it and become citizens—hence america's extraordinary capacity to assimilate immigrants.

Diego Forlán
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
"Forlan" redirects here. For for other uses, see Forlán.
This is a Spanish name; the first family name is Forlán and the second is Corazo.
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (April 2010)
Diego Forlán Diego Forlán.jpg
Personal information
Full name Diego Forlán Corazo
Date of birth 19 May 1979 (1979-05-19) (age 31)
Place of birth Montevideo, Uruguay
Height 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)[1]
Playing position Striker
Club information
Current club Atlético Madrid
Number 7
Youth career
Peñarol
Danubio
Independiente
Senior career*
Years Team Apps† (Gls)†
1998–2002 Independiente 80 (37)
2002–2004 Manchester United 63 (10)
2004–2007 Villarreal 106 (54)
2007– Atlético Madrid 102 (66)
National team‡
2002– Uruguay 69 (29)

Diego Forlán Corazo (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈdjeɣo foɾˈlan]; born 19 May 1979 in Montevideo) is a Uruguayan footballer who currently plays for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the Uruguayan national team, as a striker. He is a two-time winner of both the Pichichi Trophy and the European Golden Shoe, and also received the Golden Ball as the best player at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.

Forlán was born into a family of footballers, his father Pablo having played for Uruguay in the 1966 and 1974 FIFA World Cups and his grandfather, Juan Carlos Corazo, for Independiente in Argentina.[2] Forlán joined Independiente after rising through their youth team, and after a successful four year spell signed for Manchester United. Forlán's two-year stint in the Premier League saw him fail to achieve the form he held at Independiente, and he was signed by La Liga side Villarreal.

In his first season in Spanish football, Forlán scored 25 league goals and won the Pichichi Trophy. After two more successful seasons with Villarreal, Forlán joined Atlético Madrid, where he once again became the league's top scorer, and became the first player to win the Pichichi Trophy twice since Ronaldo achieved this feat in 2003-04.

Forlán also has a successful international career, in which he has scored 29 times for his country. He scored once at the 2002 FIFA World Cup in Japan and South Korea, and five times at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, in which he scored twice against the host nation South Africa, once against Ghana in the quarter-finals, once against the Netherlands in the semi-finals and once against Germany in the third place play-off. He later received the Golden Ball award, given to the best player at the tournament.
Contents

Forlán, son of former player and Uruguayan international Pablo Forlán, was a promising tennis player in his youth, but he decided to follow the family tradition and concentrate on football when his sister Alejandra was involved in a car accident, which killed her boyfriend and left her in intensive care for five months. He played for several South American clubs, including Argentine side Independiente, where he made his name in football as a goalscorer, before attracting European attention and transferring in January 2002 to play for Manchester United in England for a fee of £6.9 million.
[edit] Manchester United

Forlán's record of 17 goals from 95 appearances for the club does not compare favourably to his former teammate Ruud van Nistelrooy's 150 goals in 210 games, and it was widely thought that he would not start the 2004–05 season in the Red Devils' team colours. That eventually proved true after signing for Villareal in August 2004, the same month Manchester United signed Wayne Rooney.
[edit] Villarreal

Forlán was strongly linked to a move to Spanish club Levante UD, but signed on 21 August 2004 with another Spanish club, Villarreal CF, where he became the Spanish 2004–05 season Pichichi Trophy winner with 25 goals, helping Villareal to their first ever UEFA Champions League spot. He also jointly won the European Golden Boot award with Thierry Henry. His form dipped in the 2005-06 season as Villareal underwent several changes, but in 2006-07 he began to hit form again, and ended the season high in the scoring charts.
[edit] Atlético Madrid
Forlán playing for Atlético Madrid

Forlán was linked to transfer with Juan Román Riquelme to Atlético Madrid in exchange for Luis Perea and money in June 2007. On 30 June 2007, following the departure of their captain Fernando Torres to Liverpool, Atlético Madrid confirmed that they had agreed to a fee of around €21 million.[3] He returned to England in February 2008 to take part in Atlético's UEFA Cup clash against Bolton Wanderers (the club against whom he made his Manchester United debut), but the side lost out 1–0 on aggregate. In May 2008, Forlán helped Atlético qualify for the Champions League for the first time in over a decade, scoring the winning goal against Deportivo La Coruña.[4] He ended his first season in Madrid with 23 goals, and formed a potent partnership with Argentinian striker Sergio Agüero. On 9 May 2009, Forlán scored twice against Espanyol to help Atlético clinch Champions League qualification for a second successive year.[5] Los Rojiblancos were trailing 2-0 at half-time and had seen Luis Perea sent off, but came back to win 3-2 thanks to a goal of the season contender from Forlán, as well as a last minute winner. He also scored crucial goals in wins over Barcelona, Villarreal and Valencia. On 23 May 2009, Forlán scored a hat-trick against Athletic Bilbao, which helped him win the La Liga Pichichi Trophy award, as well as the European Golden Boot for a second time.[6] He ended the 2008-09 season with a very impressive 32 goals in 33 matches.

Forlán started the 2009-10 season slowly, and struggled for form as Atlético made their worst start to a league season since their relegation in 2000. On 24 October 2009, Forlán scored a penalty and missed another as Atlético were held to a 1-1 draw at home against Mallorca, who had played the majority of the second half with just nine players on the field. The disappointing result and performance led to protests from Atlético supporters,[7] as well as criticism for Forlán, who was subsequently left out of the squad for the next game.[8] Atlético started to improve after the arrival new manager Quique Sánchez Flores, and once again, Forlán flourished in the second half of the season, as Atlético reached the finals of both the Europa League and Copa del Rey. On 14 February 2010, Forlán scored the first goal as Atlético beat Barcelona 2-1 at the Vicente Calderón, inflicting the eventual Champions only league defeat of the season.[9] On 22 April 2010, Forlán scored the only goal of the game in Atlético's Europa League semi-final first leg at home to Liverpool. A week later, Liverpool took the tie to extra time before taking a 2–1 aggregate lead. Forlán then scored again to make it 2–2 on aggregate, giving Atlético the away goal they needed to reach the final, in which they played against Fulham at Hamburg's HSH Nordbank Arena on 12 May.[10] Forlán scored twice against Fulham in the Final, in a 2–1 win and was confirmed the best player of the final match.[11] He ended the season with a total of 28 goals, including six in Atlético's succesful Europa League campaign.
[edit] International career
Forlán (right) with Luis Suárez at the 2010 World Cup.

Forlán debuted for Uruguay in 2002. On 11 June 2002, Forlán scored in the 2002 FIFA World Cup against Senegal with a volley in a 3-3 draw. Despite coming from three goals down to draw the game, Uruguay were eliminated from the tournament along with France in Group A.[12] He also scored against Brazil in the 35th minute of the 2007 Copa América semi-final. However, he missed his shot during the subsequent penalty shootout, which Brazil ultimately won 5–4.[13] Since the 2007 Copa America, Forlán has become a regular for Uruguay and often has a place in the starting XI. On 17 June 2008, he scored a hat-trick in a World Cup qualifying game against Peru.[14]

On 16 June 2010, during Uruguay's second group game in the 2010 FIFA World Cup against South Africa, Forlán opened the scoring with a long range effort. Later on in the game Forlán scored from the penalty spot for his second and also had a hand in Uruguay's third, ending in a 3-0 win over the host nation.[15] On 2 July 2010, Forlán scored a free kick against Ghana to equalise during the quarter-finals. The game ended 1-1 and Uruguay advanced through to the semi-finals after defeating Ghana 4-2 in the penalty shootout.[16] On 6 July 2010, Forlán scored another long range goal, this time with his left foot to equalise against the Netherlands in the semi-final. Despite a half-time score at 1-1, Uruguay eventually lost 3-2 as the Dutch advanced to the final.[17] Forlán became the first player since Lothar Matthäus in 1990 to score three goals outside the penalty area in one tournament.[18] On 10 July 2010, Forlán scored for the final time in the tournament as he netted a well executed volley from the edge of the area to give Uruguay the lead. This goal, after a pass by Arévalo Ríos was selected by FIFA as the goal of the Torunament.[19]Forlán then hit the crossbar with the final kick of the game from a free-kick as they lost to Germany 3-2 in the third place play-off.[20] Forlán was awarded the Golden Ball as the tournament's best player. Forlán is the fourth South American player that has received the Golden Ball in the FIFA World Cup tournament.[21] He also was chosen in the best team of the tournament, and he was one of the top goalscorer of the World Cup with 5 goals.[22]