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transylvania (romanian: ardeal or transilvania; hungarian: erdély; german: siebenbürgen (help·info), see also other denominations) is a historical region in the central part of romania. bounded on the east and south by the carpathian mountain range, historical transylvania extended in the west to the apuseni mountains; however, the term frequently encompasses not only transylvania proper, but also the historical regions of crişana, maramureş, and (romanian) banat.
transylvania has been dominated by several different people and empires throughout its history. it was once the nucleus of the kingdom of dacia (82 bc–106 ad). in 106 ad the roman empire conquered the territory and after that its wealth was systematically exploited. after the roman legions withdrew in 271 ad, it was overrun by a succession of tribes, which subjected it to various influences. during this time areas of it were under the control of the carpi (dacian tribe), visigoths, huns, gepids, avars and bulgars. it is subject of controversy whether elements of the mixed daco–roman population survived in transylvania through the dark ages (becoming the ancestors of modern romanians) or the first vlachs appeared in the area in the 13th century after a northwards migration from the balkan peninsula. there is an ongoing scholarly debate over the ethnicity of transylvania's population before the hungarian conquest (see origin of the romanians).
the hungarians (magyars) conquered the area at the end of the 9th century and firmly established their control over it in 1003, when king stephen i, according to legend, defeated the native prince entitled or named gyula.[1][2][3][4] between 1003 and 1526, transylvania was a voivodeship of the kingdom of hungary, led by a voivode appointed by the hungarian king. after the battle of mohács in 1526, transylvania became part of the eastern hungarian kingdom which, in 1571, was transformed into the principality of transylvania (1571–1711) ruled primarily by calvinist hungarian princes. for most of this period, transylvania, maintaining its internal autonomy, was under the suzerainty of the ottoman empire.
the habsburgs acquired the territory shortly after the battle of vienna in 1683. the habsburgs, however, recognized the hungarian sovereignty over transylvania,[5][dubious – discuss] while the transylvanians recognized the suzerainty of the habsburg emperor leopold i (1687), and the region was officially attached to the habsburg empire, separated in all but name[6][7] from habsburg controlled hungary[8][9][10] and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors.[11] in 1699 the turks legally conceded their loss of transylvania in the treaty of karlowitz; however, anti-habsburg elements within the principality only submitted to the emperor in the 1711 peace of szatmár. after the ausgleich of 1867 the region was fully reabsorbed into hungary [2][4] as a part of the newly established austro-hungarian empire.
following defeat in world war i, austria-hungary began to disintegrate. the ethnic romanian majority elected representatives, who then proclaimed union with romania on december 1, 1918. the "proclamation of union" of alba iulia was adopted by the deputies of the romanians from transylvania, and supported one month later by the vote of the deputies of the saxons from transylvania. in 1920, the allies confirmed the union in the treaty of trianon. hungary protested against the detach, as over 1,600,000 hungarian people[12] were living in the area in question, mainly in székely land of eastern transylvania, and along the newly created border, which was drawn through areas with hungarian majority. in august 1940, in the midst of world war ii, hungary regained about 40% of transylvania by the vienna award, with the aid of germany and italy. the territory, however, reverted to romania in 1945; this was confirmed in the 1947 paris peace treaties.[2]
transylvania is often associated with dracula[13][14][15] (bram stoker's novel and its film adaptations), and the horror genre in general, while the region is also known for the scenic beauty of its carpathian landscape and its rich history.