incisözlük komünizm tayfası

Komünizm, sosyal örgütlenme üzerine bir kuramsal sistem ve üretim araçlarının ortak mülkiyetine dayalı bir politik harekettir. Ortakçılık olarak da bilinir. Komünizm, sınıfsız bir toplum yaratma amacındadır. 20. yüzyılın başından beri dünya siyasetindeki büyük güçlerden biri olarak modern komünizm, genellikle Karl Marx'ın ve Friedrich Engels’in kaleme aldığı Komünist Parti Manifestosu ile birlikte anılır. Buna göre özel mülkiyete dayalı kapitalist toplumun yerine meta üretiminin son bulduğu komünist toplum gerçektir. Komünizm'in temelinde yatan sebep, sınıfsız, ortak mülkiyete dayalı bir toplumun kurulması isteğidir. Sınıfsız toplumlarda en genel anlamıyla tüm bireylerin eşit olması, karşıt görüşlüleri için "ütopya" olarak atfedilir ve zorla yaşanmaya çalışılırsa kaosa yol açacağına inanılır. Paris Komünü, komünal sistem yaşayabilmiş ilk topluluktur. Bunun dışında Mahnovist hareket öncüllüğünde Ukrayna ve ispanya iç savaşı sırasında Anarko-komünist hareketle şekillenen (yaklaşık 4 yıl sürmüştür) toprakların kollektifleştirilmesi esasına dayalı olarak komünal topluluklar da kurulmuştur.

Komünizmi savunan akımlar arasında en yaygını Leninizm (Marksizm-Leninizm)'dir. Marksizm-Leninizm'e göre komünizme giden süreç burjuvazinin ortadan kalkmasını sağlayacak olan proletarya rejimi başlatılacak ve ardından komünizmin hazırlayıcısı sosyalizm aşamasına geçilecektir. Marksist kuramda son aşama olan komünizmin gerçekleşmesiyle devlet ortadan kalkacaktır.

Leninizm dışında iki komünist akım daha bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan ilki Marksizm'in temel görüşlerini benimseyen fakat Leninist modelle komünizm hedefine ulaşılamayacağını iddia eden sol komünizm veya konsey komünizmi olarak adlandırılan akımdır. Lenin'in "Sol Komünizm: Bir Çocukluk Hastalığı" adlı eserine cevaben yazılan Herman Gorter'in "Yoldaş Lenin'e Açık Mektup", Gilles Dauvé ve François Martin'in "Komünist Hareketin Güneş Tutulması ve Yeniden Ortaya Çıkışı" isimli kitaplar bu akımın takipçilerinin yarattıkları eserlerdir.

Diğer bir komünist akım ise anarşist komünizm'dir. Anarşizmin bireyci ve kolektivist akımlarından ayrılan anarşist komünizm fikri, komünizme devlet aygıtını ele geçirerek geçilebileceğini reddeder ve bunu savunan Marksizm'i eleştirir. Peter Kropotkin, Nestor Makhno, Errico Malatesta, Carlo Cafiero anarşist komünizm düşüncesinin temellerini atan düşünürlerden ve eylemcilerden bazılarıdır. Anarşist komünizm, anarşizm'den "sınıf" gerçeğine göre hareket etme ve örgütlenme temelinde ayrılır. Savunucuları komünizmin, bilimsel sosyalizm olmadan gerçekleştirilebileceği üzerinde birleşir. Anarşist komünizm, devlet'in kapitalizm için bir kılıf olduğunu ve bu yüzdende sınıfsız bir topluma gidilecek süreçte kullanılmasının sonucunda "diktatörlük", "devlet kapitalizm"i ya da "bir sözde zümrenin, toplum üzerinde iktidarı'na yol açacağını düşünür.

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