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surface mining of coal causes direct and indirect damage to wildlife. the impact on wildlife stems primarily from disturbing, removing, and redistributing the land surface. some impacts are short-term and confined to the mine site; others may have far reaching, long term effects. the most direct effect on wildlife is destruction or displacement of species in areas of excavation and spoil piling. mobile wildlife species like game animals, birds, and predators leave these areas. more sedentary animals like invertebrates, many reptiles, burrowing rodents and small mammals may be directly destroyed.
if streams, lakes, ponds or marshes are filled or drained, fish, aquatic invertebrates, and amphibians are destroyed. food supplies for predators are reduced by destruction of these land and water species. animal populations displaced or destroyed can eventually be replaced from populations in surrounding ranges, provided the habitat is eventually restored. an exception could be extinction of a resident endangered species.
many wildlife species are highly dependent on vegetation growing in natural drainages. this vegetation provides essential food, nesting sites and cover for escape from predators. any activity that destroys this vegetation near ponds, reservoirs, marshes, and wetlands reduces the quality and quantity of habitat essential for waterfowl, shore birds, and many terrestrial species. the commonly used head of hollow fill method for disposing of excess overburden is of particular significance to wildlife habitat in some locations. narrow, steep sided, v shaped hollows near ridge tops are frequently inhabited by rare or endangered animal and plant species. extensive placement of spoil in these narrow valleys eliminates important habitat for a wide variety of species, some of which may be rendered extinct.
broad and long lasting impacts on wildlife are caused by habitat impairment. the habitat requirements of many animal species do not permit them to adjust to changes created by land disturbance. these changes reduce living space. . some species tolerate very little disturbance. in instances where a particularly critical habitat is restricted, such as a lake, pond, or primary breeding area, a species could be eliminated. the wide range of damage that could be done is severe.
large mammals and other animals displaced from their home ranges may be forced to use adjacent areas already stocked to carrying capacity. this overcrowding usually results in degradation of remaining habitat, lowered carrying capacity, reduced reproductive success, increased interspecies and intraspecies competition, and potentially greater losses to wildlife populations than the number of originally displaced animals.
degradation of aquatic habitats has often been a major impact from surface mining and may be apparent to some degree many miles from a mining site. sediment contamination of surface water is common with surface mining. sediment yields may increase 1000 times over their former level as a direct result of strip mining. permanent regulatory program implementing section 501(b) of the surface mining control and reclamation act of 1977.
preferred food and cover plants can be established in these openings to benefit a wide variety of wildlife. under certain conditions, creation of small lakes in the mined area may also be beneficial. these lakes and ponds may become important water sources for a variety of wildlife inhabiting adjacent areas. many lakes formed in mine pits are initially of poor quality as aquatic habitat after mining, due to lack of structure, aquatic vegetation, and food species. they may require habitat enhancement and management to be of significant wildlife value.