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coal mining causes a number of harmful effects. when coal surfaces are exposed, pyrite (iron sulfide), also known as "fool's gold", comes in contact with water and air and forms sulfuric acid. as water drains from the mine, the acid moves into the waterways, and as long as rain falls on the mine tailings the sulfuric acid production continues, whether the mine is still operating or not. this process is known as acid rock drainage (ard) or acid mine drainage (amd). if the coal is strip mined, the entire exposed seam leaches sulfuric acid, leaving the subsoil infertile on the surface and begins to pollute streams by acidifying and killing fish, plants, and aquatic animals which are sensitive to drastic ph shifts.
coal mining produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas. methane is the naturally occurring product of the decay of organic matter as coal deposits are formed with increasing depths of burial, rising temperatures, and rising pressures over geological time. a portion of the methane produced is absorbed by the coal and later released from the coal seam and surrounding disturbed strata during the mining process.[3] methane accounts for 10.5% of greenhouse gas emissions created through human activity.[4]
according to the intergovernmental panel on climate change, methane has a global warming potential 21 times greater than that of carbon dioxide on a 100 year time line. while burning coal in power plants is most harmful to air quality, due to the emission of dangerous gases, the process of mining can release pockets of hazardous gases. these gases may pose a threat to coal miners as well as a source of air pollution. this is due to the relaxation of pressure and fracturing of the strata during mining activity, which gives rise to serious safety concerns for the coal miners if not managed properly. the buildup of pressure in the strata can lead to explosions during or after the mining process if prevention methods, such as "methane draining", are not taken.[3]
wherever it occurs in the world, strip mining severely alters the landscape, which damages the values of the natural environment in the surrounding land.[5] strip mining, or surface mining of coal completely eliminates existing vegetation, destroys the genetic soil profile, displaces or destroys wildlife and habitat, degrades air quality, alters current land uses, and to some extent permanently changes the general topography of the area mined.[6] the community of micro organisms and nutrient cycling processes are upset by movement, storage, and redistribution of soil.
generally, soil disturbance and associated compaction result in conditions conducive to erosion. soil removal from the area to be surface mined alters or destroys many natural soil characteristics, and may reduce its productivity for agriculture or biodiversity. soil structure may be disturbed by pulverization or aggregate breakdown.
removal of vegetative cover and activities associated with construction of haul roads, stockpiling of topsoil, displacement of overburden and hauling of soil and coal increase the quantity of dust around mining operations. dust degrades air quality in the immediate area, can have adverse impacts on vegetative life, and may constitute a health and safety hazard for mine workers and nearby residents. the land surface, often hundreds of acres, is dedicated to mining activities until it can be reshaped and reclaimed. if mining is allowed, resident human populations must be resettled off the mine site, and economic activities such as agriculture or hunting and gathering food or medicinal plants are displaced, at least temporarily. what becomes of the land surface after mining is determined by the manner in which mining is conducted.
surface mining can adversely impact the hydrology of a region. deterioration of stream quality can result from acid mine drainage, toxic trace elements, high content of dissolved solids in mine drainage water, and increased sediment loads discharged to streams. waste piles and coal storage piles can yield sediment to streams, and leached water from these piles can be acid and contain toxic trace elements. surface waters may be rendered unfit for agriculture, human consumption, bathing, or other household uses. controlling these impacts requires careful management of surface water flows into and out of mining operations.