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iceberg

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Icebergs at Cape York, Greenland.
Aerial view of icebergs and glaciers at Cape York, Greenland.

An iceberg is a large piece of ice from freshwater that has broken off from a snow-formed glacier or ice shelf and is floating in open water.[1] It may subsequently become frozen into pack ice. Alternatively, it may come to rest on the seabed in shallower water, causing ice scour (also known as ice gouging) or becoming an ice island.
Contents
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* 1 Etymology
* 2 Overview
* 3 Classification
o 3.1 Size
+ 3.1.1 Recent large icebergs
o 3.2 Shape
* 4 Monitoring
* 5 History
o 5.1 Technology history
* 6 References
* 7 External links

[edit] Etymology

The word "iceberg" is a partial loan translation from Dutch ijsberg, literally meaning ice mountain,[2] cognate to Danish Isbjerg, German Eisberg, Low Saxon Iesbarg and Swedish/Norwegian Isberg.
[edit] Overview
Iceberg calved from the Ross Ice Shelf.

Because the density of pure ice is about 920 kg/m³, and that of sea water about 1025 kg/m³, typically only one-ninth of the volume of an iceberg is above water. The shape of the underwater portion can be difficult to judge by looking at the portion above the surface. This has led to the expression "tip of the iceberg", for a problem or difficulty that is only a small manifestation of a larger problem.

Icebergs generally range from 1 to 75 metres (3–250 ft) above sea level and weigh 100,000 to 200 000 tons. The tallest known iceberg in the North Atlantic was 168 metres (550 ft) above sea level, reported by the USCG icebreaker East Wind in 1958, making it the height of a 55-storey building. Despite their size, icebergs passing Newfoundland move an average of 17 kilometres a day (10 mi).[3] These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland, and may have an interior temperature of -15 to -20°C (5 to -4 °F).[4]

Though usually confined by winds and currents to move close to the coast, the largest icebergs recorded have been calved, or broken off, from the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. Iceberg B-15, photographed by satellite in 2000, measured 295 km long and 37 km wide (183-23 mi), with a surface area of 11,000 km² (4,250 mi²). The mass was estimated around three billion tonnes. The largest iceberg on record was an Antarctic tabular iceberg of over 12,000 sq mi (208 miles long and 60 miles wide) sighted 150 miles west of Scott Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, by the USS Glacier on November 12, 1956. This iceberg was larger than Belgium.[5][6]

When an iceberg melts, it makes a fizzing sound called "Bergie Seltzer". This sound is made when compressed air bubbles trapped in the iceberg pop. The bubbles come from air trapped in snow layers that later became glacial ice.[4]

Ice campers who camp on top of flat or hollowed icebergs are known as icebergers.
[edit] Classification
[edit] Size
A photomontage visualising what the whole of an iceberg might look like

Names for various sizes of iceberg are not universal, but usually follow a similar pattern. The size classification in the table below is used by the International Ice Patrol:[7]
Size Category Height Length
Growler Less than 1 metre (3.3 ft) Less than 5 metres (16 ft)
Bergy Bit 1–5 metres (3.3–16 ft) 5–15 metres (16–49 ft)
Small 5–15 metres (16–49 ft) 15–60 metres (49–200 ft)
Medium 15–45 metres (49–148 ft) 60–120 metres (200–390 ft)
Large 45–75 metres (148–246 ft) 120–200 metres (390–660 ft)
Very Large Over 75 metres (246 ft) Over 200 metres (660 ft)
[edit] Recent large icebergs

* Iceberg B-15 11,000 square kilometres, 2000
* Iceberg A-38, about 6,900 km2, 1998[8]
* Iceberg B-15A, 3,100 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi), broke off 2003
* Iceberg C-19, 5,500 km2, 2002
* Iceberg B-9, 5,390 km2, 1987
* Iceberg D-16, 120 sq mi (310 km2), 2006
* Ice sheet, 100 sq mi (260 sq km), broken off of Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland on Aug 5, 2010, considered to be largest Arctic iceberg since 1962.[9] About a month later, this iceberg split into two pieces upon crashing into Joe Island in the Nares Strait next to Greenland.[10]
* Iceberg B-17B 140 square kilometres (54 sq mi), 1999, shipping alert issued December 2009

[edit] Shape

In addition to size classification, Icebergs can also be classified on the basis of their shape. The two basic types of iceberg forms are tabular and non-tabular. Tabular icebergs have steep sides and a flat top, much like a plateau, with a length-to-height ratio of more than 5:1.[11] This type of iceberg can be quite large, as in the case of Pobeda Ice Island.

Non-tabular icebergs have different shapes, and include:[12]
Twilight iceberg in midnight sun from Ilulissat

* Dome: An iceberg with a rounded top.
* Pinnacle: An iceberg with one or more spires.
* Wedge: An iceberg with a steep edge on one side and a slope on the opposite side.
* Dry-Dock: An iceberg that has eroded to form a slot or channel.
* Blocky: An iceberg with steep, vertical sides and a flat top. It differs from tabular icebergs in that its shape is more like a block than a flat sheet.
* melty: An iceberg that is starting to melt or has water on the top.

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