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Isaac Newton
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Sir Isaac Newton
Head and shoulders portrait of man in black with shoulder-length gray hair, a large sharp nose, and an abstracted gaze
Godfrey Kneller's 1689 portrait of Isaac Newton
(age 46)
Born 4 January 1643(1643-01-04)
[OS: 25 December 1642][1]
Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth
Lincolnshire, England
Died 31 March 1727 (aged 84)
[OS: 20 March 1726][1]
Kensington, Middlesex, England
Residence England
Fields physics, mathematics, astronomy, natural philosophy, alchemy, Christian theology
Institutions University of Cambridge
Royal Society
Royal Mint
Alma mater Trinity College, Cambridge
Academic advisors Isaac Barrow[2]
Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4]
Notable students Roger Cotes
William Whiston
Known for Newtonian mechanics
Universal gravitation
Infinitesimal calculus
Optics
Binomial series
Newton's method
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Influences Henry More[5]
Polish Brethren[6]
Influenced Nicolas Fatio de Duillier
John Keill
Signature
Is. Newton
Notes
His mother was Hannah Ayscough. His half-niece was Catherine Barton.

Sir Isaac Newton FRS (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727 [OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726])[1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian who is considered by many scholars and members of the general public to be one of the most influential people in human history. His 1687 publication of the Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (usually called the Principia) is considered to be among the most influential books in the history of science, laying the groundwork for most of classical mechanics. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.

Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope[7] and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.

In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of the differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.

In a 2005 survey of members of Britain's Royal Society asking who had the greater effect on the history of science and made the greater contribution to humankind, Newton or Albert Einstein. Royal Society scientists deemed Newton to have made the greater overall contribution on both.[8]

Newton was also highly religious, though an unorthodox Christian, writing more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than the natural science for which he is remembered today. The 100 by astrophysicist Michael H. Hart ranks Newton as the second most influential person in history (below Muhammad and above Jesus).[9]
Contents
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* 1 Life
o 1.1 Early life
o 1.2 Middle years
+ 1.2.1 Mathematics
+ 1.2.2 Optics
+ 1.2.3 Mechanics and gravitation
o 1.3 Later life
o 1.4 After death
+ 1.4.1 Fame
+ 1.4.2 Commemorations
o 1.5 In popular culture
* 2 Religious views
o 2.1 Effect on religious thought
o 2.2 Views of the end of the world
* 3 Enlightenment philosophers
* 4 Counterfeiters
* 5 Laws of motion
* 6 Apple analogy
* 7 Writings
* 8 See also
* 9 Footnotes and references
* 10 References
* 11 Further reading
o 11.1 Religion
o 11.2 Primary sources
* 12 External links
o 12.1 Writings by him