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μουσική μπαρόκ ονομάζεται η μουσική που εντάσσεται στην γενική καλλιτεχνική τεχνοτροπία που ονομάζεται μπαρόκ και αναπτύχθηκε πρώτα στην ιταλία κατά τον 17ο αιώνα και εξαπλώθηκε σε όλη την ευρώπη.

όργανα της μπαρόκ μουσικής
είναι ένας ρυθμός πολύπλοκος, γεμάτος, εντυπωσιακός, σε αντίθεση με την ηρεμία και γαλήνη που επικρατούσε στην αναγέννηση, αλλά και οργανωμένος και κωδικοποιημένος, χωρίς την κουραστική φόρτιση του 15ου αι. η τέχνη του μπαρόκ εντυπωσιάζει, συγκινεί και διεγείρει τη φαντασία με τον πλούτο των διακοσμήσεων.
οι κατακτήσεις της εποχής αυτής είναι:
η δημιουργία της όπερας με ενέργειες μιας ομάδας μουσικών που έφτιαξαν έναν όμιλο με το όνομα "φλωρεντιανή καμεράτα" με σκοπό την αναβίωση της αρχαίας ελληνικής τραγωδίας και με πρώτο δημιουργό τον κλαούντιο μοντεβέρντι (1567-1643) που έγραψε σαν πρώτες όπερες τον "ορφέα" (1608) και την "αριάδνη" (1609)
τα πρώτα στοιχεία που έδειχναν τη μετάβαση από την πολυφωνία στην ομοφωνία. για περίπου 150 χρόνια οι δύο αυτές τεχνικές συνυπήρχαν. ιδιαίτερα προς το τέλος της εποχής αυτής ο γ. σ. μπαχ ήταν αυτός που κράτησε σαν από πείσμα την πολυφωνία στο προσκήνιο και μάλιστα γράφοντας μερικά από τα ωραιότερα έργα που είχε δώσει και ο ίδιος αλλά και η μουσική τέχνη γενικότερα.
τα μουσικά όργανα παρουσίασαν εξελίξεις και βελτιώσεις αλλά υπήρχαν και εφευρέσεις νέων οργάνων (οι γκουαρνέρι και οι στραντιβάρι ήταν δύο από τις σημαντικότερες οικογένειες κατασκευαστών οργάνων της εποχής αυτής)
πολλές κοσμικές μουσικές φόρμες αναπτύχθηκαν την εποχή αυτή όπως η καντσόνα, η τοκάτα, η συμφωνία που αρχίζει να επικρατεί με τη μορφή που της έδωσε ο αλεσάντρο σκαρλάτι (1660-1725), η σουίτα, η φούγκα, η πασσακάλια, το καπρίτσιο, το basso continuo κ.ά. και θρησκευτικές όπως η καντάτα και το ορατόριο.

εκκλησιαστικό όργανο
[επεξεργασία]συνθέτες

οι συνθέτες της εποχής μπαρόκ με σημαντικό έργο ήταν πολλοί:
τομάζο αλμπινόνι (1671-1750) ιταλός
αντόνιο βιβάλντι (1678-1741) ιταλός
κλαούντιο μοντεβέρντι (1567-1643) ιταλός
τζοβάνι μπατίστα περγκολέζι (1653-1713) ιταλός*(η όπερά του "η υπηρέτρια κυρά" που ανήκει στην όπερα μπούφα, ήταν η αφορμή για μια διαμάχη που ξέσπασε ανάμεσα στους υποστηριχτές της ελαφριάς αυτής όπερα και στους οπαδούς της γαλλικής όπερας. επειδή στη διαμάχη αυτή ενεπλάκη και το βασιλικό ζεύγος και η βασίλισσα ήταν με το μέρος της όπερας μπούφα ενώ ο βασιλιάς με τη γαλλική όπερα, οι αντιδικίες οδηγούσαν συχνά σε φυλακίσεις, εξορίες, μονομαχίες και ξυλοδαρμούς).
αλεσάντρο σκαρλάτι (1660-1725) ιταλός (πατέρας του ντομένικο)
ντομένικο σκαρλάτι (1685-1757)
τζιρόλαμο φρεσκομπάλντι (1583-1643) ιταλός
φρανσουά κουπρέν (1668-1733) γάλλος
ζαν-μπατύστ λυλλύ (1632-1687) ιταλός
χένρυ πέρσελ (1656-1695) άγγλος
ντήτριχ μπουξτεχούντε (1633-1707) δανός
ζαν φιλίπ ραμώ (1683-1764) γάλλος
γκέορκ φίλιπ τέλεμαν (1681-1767) γερμανός
γκέοργκ φρήντριχ χαίντελ (1685-1759) γερμανός
γιόχαν σεμπάστιαν μπαχ (1685-1750) γερμανός
[επεξεργασία]εξωτερικοί σύνδεσμοι

χρονολόγιο
βιβλιοθήκη και ηχογραφήσεις
baroquemusic.org
μουσικά όργανα
ζαν φιλίπ ραμώ δισκοθηκη

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Sexual reproduction is a process where organisms form offspring that combine genetic traits from both parents. Chromosomes are passed on from one parent to another in this process. Each cell has half the chromosomes of the mother and half of the father.[1] Genetic traits are contained within the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of chromosomes — by combining one of each type of chromosomes from each parent, an organism is formed containing a doubled set of chromosomes. This double-chromosome stage is called "diploid", while the single-chromosome stage is "haploid". Diploid organisms can, in turn, form haploid cells (gametes) that randomly contain one of each of the chromosome pairs, via a process called meiosis.[2] Meiosis also involves a stage of chromosomal crossover, in which regions of DNA are exchanged between matched types of chromosomes, to form a new pair of mixed chromosomes. Crossing over and fertilization (the recombining of single sets of chromosomes to make a new diploid) result in the new organism containing a different set of genetic traits from either parent.

In many organisms, the haploid stage has been reduced to just gametes specialized to recombine and form a new diploid organism; in others, the gametes are capable of undergoing cell division to produce multicellular haploid organisms. In either case, gametes may be externally similar, particularly in size (isogamy), or may have evolved an asymmetry such that the gametes are different in size and other aspects (anisogamy).[3] By convention, the larger gamete (called an ovum, or egg cell) is considered female, while the smaller gamete (called a spermatozoon, or sperm cell) is considered male. An individual that produces exclusively large gametes is female, and one that produces exclusively small gametes is male. An individual that produces both types of gametes is a hermaphrodite; in some cases hermaphrodites are able to self-fertilize and produce offspring on their own, without a second organism.[4]
Animals
Hoverflies engaging in sexual intercourse

Most sexually reproducing animals spend their lives as diploid organisms, with the haploid stage reduced to single cell gametes.[5] The gametes of animals have male and female forms—spermatozoa and egg cells. These gametes combine to form embryos which develop into a new organism.

The male gamete, a spermatozoan (produced within a testicle), is a small cell containing a single long flagellum which propels it.[6] Spermatozoa are extremely reduced cells, lacking many cellular components that would be necessary for embryonic development. They are specialized for motility, seeking out an egg cell and fusing with it in a process called fertilization.

Female gametes are egg cells (produced within ovaries), large immobile cells that contain the nutrients and cellular components necessary for a developing embryo.[7] Egg cells are often associated with other cells which support the development of the embryo, forming an egg. In mammals, the fertilized embryo instead develops within the female, receiving nutrition directly from its mother.

Animals are usually mobile and seek out a partner of the opposite sex for mating. Animals which live in the water can mate using external fertilization, where the eggs and sperm are released into and combine within the surrounding water.[8] Most animals that live outside of water, however, must transfer sperm from male to female to achieve internal fertilization.

In most birds, both excretion and reproduction is done through a single posterior opening, called the cloaca—male and female birds touch cloaca to transfer sperm, a process called "cloacal kissing".[9] In many other terrestrial animals, males use specialized sex organs to assist the transport of sperm—these male sex organs are called intromittent organs. In humans and other mammals this male organ is the penis, which enters the female reproductive tract (called the vagina) to achieve insemination—a process called sexual intercourse. The penis contains a tube through which semen (a fluid containing sperm) travels. In female mammals the vagina connects with the uterus, an organ which directly supports the development of a fertilized embryo within (a process called gestation).

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