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@91 During the High Middle Ages
 (c. 1000–1300),Christian
-oriented art
 and architecture
 flourished and Crusades
 were mounted to recapture the Holy Land
 from Muslim
 control. The influence of the emerging nation-state
 was tempered by the ideal of an international Christendom
. The codes of chivalry
and courtly love
 set rules for proper behavior, while the Scholastic
 philosophers
 attempted to reconcile faith and reason. Outstanding achievement in this period includes the Code of Justinian
, the mathematics of Fibonacci
 and Oresme
, the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas
, the paintings ofGiotto
, the poetry of Dante
 and Chaucer
, the travels of Marco Polo
, and the architecture of Gothic
cathedrals such as Chartres
.

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