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    Up to this point, our discussions have dealt primarily with members and
    structures composed of materials that follow Hooke’s law. Now we will
    consider the behavior of axially loaded members when the stresses exceed
    the proportional limit. In such cases the stresses, strains, and displacements
    depend upon the shape of the stress-strain curve in the region beyond the
    proportional limit (see Section 1.3 for some typical stress-strain diagrams).
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