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lean manufacturing is a variation on the theme of efficiency based on optimizing flow; it is a present-day instance of the recurring theme in human history toward increasing efficiency, decreasing waste, and using empirical methods to decide what matters, rather than uncritically accepting pre-existing ideas. as such, it is a chapter in the larger narrative that also includes such ideas as the folk wisdom of thrift, time and motion study, taylorism, the efficiency movement, and fordism. lean manufacturing is often seen as a more refined version of earlier efficiency efforts, building upon the work of earlier leaders such as taylor or ford, and learning from their mistakes. however, the modern view takes a more holistic approach where the definition of waste is far more generic. irregular production with ups and downs in production levels would be considered waste. the goal of lean then becomes the creation and maintenance of a production system which runs repetitively, day after day, week after week in a manner identical to the previous time period.

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