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for high efficiency, the smps switch must turn on and off quickly and have low losses. the advent of a commercial semiconductor switch in the 1950’s represented a major milestone that made smpss such as the boost converter possible. semiconductor switches turned on and off more quickly and lasted longer than other switches such as vacuum tubes and electromechanical relays. the major dc to dc converters were developed in the early-1960s when semiconductor switches had become available. the aerospace industry’s need for small, lightweight, and efficient power converters led to the converter’s rapid development.
switched systems such as smps are a challenge to design since its model depends on whether a switch is opened or closed. r.d. middlebrook from caltech in 1977 published the models for dc to dc converters used today. middlebrook averaged the circuit configurations for each switch state in a technique called state-space averaging. this simplification reduced two systems into one. the new model led to insightful design equations which helped smps growth.