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flood events can cause severe damage to improperly constructed or located coal haul roads, housing, coal crushing and washing plant facilities, waste and coal storage piles, settling basin dams, surface water diversion structures, and the mine itself. besides the danger to life and property, large amounts of sediment and poor quality water may have detrimental effects many miles downstream from a mine site after a flood. overall, it will cause a lot of pollution in drinking water. open cut coal mining requires large amounts of water for the operation of coal washing processes as well as the suppression of dust. to meet this requirement mines acquire and remove surface or groundwater supplies from the nearby agricultural or domestic pursuits which greatly reduces the productivity of these operations or effectively halts them. these water resources once separated from their original base pursuits are rarely returned after mining, creating a permanent degradation to agricultural productivity. underground mining has a similar but lesser effect due to a much lower need for dust suppression water but still requires sufficient water to operate washery processes.
ground water supplies may be adversely affected by surface mining. these impacts include drainage of usable water from shallow aquifers; lowering of water levels in adjacent areas and changes in flow directions within aquifers; contamination of usable aquifers below mining operations due to infiltration or percolation of poor quality mine water; and increased infiltration of precipitation on spoil piles. where coal or carbonaceous shales are present, increased infiltration may result in increased runoff of poor quality water and erosion from spoil piles; recharge of poor quality water to shallow groundwater aquifers; or poor quality water flow to nearby streams. this may contaminate both ground water and nearby streams for long periods. lakes formed in abandoned surface mining operations are more likely to be acid if there is coal or carbonaceous shale present in spoil piles, especially if these materials are near the surface and contain pyrites.
sulphuric acid is formed when minerals containing sulphide are oxidised through air contact, which could lead to acid rain. leftover chemicals deposits from explosives are usually toxic and increase the salt quantity of mine water and even contaminating it.