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taking office that year, perón died in july 1974, leaving his third wife isabel, the vice president, to succeed him in office. mrs. perón had been chosen as a compromise among feuding peronist factions who could agree on no other running mate; secretly, though, she was beholden to perón's most fascist advisers. the resulting conflict between left and right-wing extremists led to mayhem and financial chaos and, in march 1976, a coup d'état removed her from office.
the self-styled national reorganization process intensified measures against armed groups on the far left such as people's revolutionary army and the montoneros, which from 1970 had kidnapped and murdered people almost weekly.[22] repression was quickly extended to the opposition in general, however, and during the "dirty war" thousands of dissidents "disappeared." these abuses were aided and abetted by the cia in operation condor, with many of the military leaders that took part in abuses trained in the school of the americas.[23]
this new dictatorship at first brought some stability and built numerous important public works; but frequent wage freezes and deregulation of finance led to a sharp fall in living standards and record foreign debt.[16] deindustrialization, the peso's collapse, and crushing real interest rates, as well as unprecedented corruption, public revulsion over the dirty war, and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat by the british in the falklands war discredited the military regime and led to free elections in 1983.
contemporary history

raúl alfonsín's inaugural address, 1983.
raúl alfonsín's government took steps to account for the disappeared, established civilian control of the armed forces, and consolidated democratic institutions. the members of the three military juntas were prosecuted and sentenced to life terms. the previous regime's foreign debt, however, left the argentine economy saddled by the conditions imposed on it by both its private creditors and the imf, and priority was given to servicing the foreign debt at the expense of public works and domestic credit. alfonsín's failure to resolve worsening economic problems caused him to lose public confidence. following a 1989 currency crisis that resulted in a sudden and ruinous 15-fold jump in prices, he left office five months early.[24]
newly elected president carlos menem began pursuing privatizations and, after a second bout of hyperinflation in 1990, reached out to economist domingo cavallo, who imposed a peso-dollar fixed exchange rate in 1991 and adopted far-reaching market-based policies, dismantling protectionist barriers and business regulations, while accelerating privatizations. these reforms contributed to significant increases in investment and growth with stable prices through most of the 1990s; but the peso's fixed value could only be maintained by flooding the market with dollars, resulting in a renewed increase in the foreign debt. towards 1998, moreover, a series of international financial crises and overvaluation of the pegged peso caused a gradual slide into economic crisis. the sense of stability and well being which had prevailed during the 1990s eroded quickly, and by the end of his term in 1999, these accumulating problems and reports of corruption had made menem unpopular.[25]

carlos menem receives the presidential sash from raúl alfonsín on july 8, 1989. this was the first democratic transfer of power between opposing political parties in argentina, since 1916.
president fernando de la rúa inherited diminished competitiveness in exports, as well as chronic fiscal deficits. the governing coalition developed rifts, and his returning cavallo to the economy ministry was interpreted as a crisis move by speculators. the decision backfired and cavallo was eventually forced to take measures to halt a wave of capital flight and to stem the imminent debt crisis (culminating in the freezing of bank accounts). a climate of popular discontent ensued, and on 20 december 2001 argentina dove into its worst institutional and economic crisis since the 1890 barings financial debacle. there were violent street protests, which clashed with police and resulted in several fatalities. the increasingly chaotic climate, amid riots accompanied by cries that "they should all go", finally resulted in the resignation of president de la rúa.[26]

néstor kirchner applauds his wife and successor, cristina fernández de kirchner, upon her inaugural in 2007.
three presidents followed in quick succession over two weeks, culminating in the appointment of interim president eduardo duhalde by the legislative assembly on 2 january 2002. argentina defaulted on its international debt, and the peso's 11 year-old tie to the u.s. dollar was rescinded, causing a major depreciation of the peso and a spike in inflation. duhalde, a peronist with a centre-left economic position, had to cope with a financial and socio-economic crisis, with unemployment as high as 25% by mid 2002, and the lowest real wages in sixty years. the crisis accentuated the people's mistrust in politicians and institutions. following a year racked by protest, the economy began to stabilize in late 2002, and restrictions on bank withdrawals were lifted in december.[27]
benefiting from a devalued exchange rate the government implemented new policies based on re-industrialization, import substitution and increased exports and began seeing consistent fiscal and trade surpluses. governor néstor kirchner, a left-wing peronist, was elected president in may 2003. during his administration, argentina restructured its defaulted debt with a steep discount (about 66%) on most bonds, paid off debts with the international monetary fund, renegotiated contracts with utilities and nationalized some previously privatized enterprises. kirchner and his economists, notably roberto lavagna, also pursued a vigorous incomes policy and public works investment.[28]
argentina has since been enjoying economic growth, though with high inflation. néstor kirchner forfeited the 2007 campaign, in favor of his wife senator cristina fernández de kirchner, who became the first woman to be elected president of argentina. she saw controversial plans for higher agricultural export taxes defeated by vice president julio cobos' surprise tie-breaking vote against them on 17 july 2008, following massive agrarian protests and lockouts from march to july. the global financial crisis has since prompted mrs. kirchner to step up her husband's policy of state intervention in troubled sectors of the economy.[29] on 15 july 2010 argentina became the first country in latin america and the second country in the southern hemisphere to legalize same-sex marriage.[30] [31]
geography

main article: geography of argentina

topographic map of argentina (including some territorial claims)
the total surface area (excluding the antarctic claim) is 2,766,891.2 km2 (1,068,302.7 sq mi), of which 30,200 km2 (11,700 sq mi) (1.1%) is water. argentina is about 3,900 km (2,400 mi) long from north to south, and 1,400 km (870 mi) from east to west (maximum values). there are four major regions: the fertile central plains of the pampas, source of argentina's agricultural wealth; the flat to rolling, oil-rich southern plateau of patagonia including tierra del fuego; the subtropical northern flats of the gran chaco, and the rugged andes mountain range along the western border with chile.
the highest point above sea level is in mendoza province at cerro aconcagua (6,962 m (22,841 ft)), also the highest point in the southern[32] and western hemisphere.[33] the lowest point is laguna del carbón in santa cruz province, -105 m (−344 ft) below sea level.[34] this is also the lowest point in south america. the geographic center of the country is in south-central la pampa province. the easternmost continental point is northeast of bernardo de irigoyen, misiones,(26°15′s 53°38′w) the westernmost in the mariano moreno range in santa cruz province.(49°33′s 73°35′w) the northernmost point is at the confluence of the grande de san juan and mojinete rivers in jujuy province,(21°46′s 66°13′w) and the southernmost is cape san pío in tierra del fuego. (55°03′s 66°31′w)[35]
the major rivers are the paraná (the largest), the pilcomayo, paraguay, bermejo, colorado, río negro, salado and the uruguay. the paraná and the uruguay join to form the río de la plata estuary, before reaching the atlantic. regionally important rivers are the atuel and mendoza in the homonymous province, the chubut in patagonia, the río grande in jujuy and the san francisco river in salta.

the andean range over santa cruz province.
there are several large lakes including argentino and viedma in santa cruz, nahuel huapi between río negro and neuquén, fagnano in tierra del fuego, and colhué huapi and musters in chubut. lake buenos aires and o'higgins/san martín lake are shared with chile. mar chiquita, córdoba, is the largest salt water lake in the country. there are numerous reservoirs created by dams. argentina features various hot springs, such as termas de río hondo with temperatures between 65°c and 89°c.[36]