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the name of the country, traditionally called the argentine in english,[7][8] is derived from the latin argentum (silver). the first use of the name argentina can be traced to the 1602 poem "la argentina y conquista del río de la plata" (english: argentina and the conquest of the río de la plata) by martín del barco centenera. although this name for the la plata basin was already in common usage by the 18th century, the area was formally called viceroyalty of the río de la plata in 1776. the autonomous governments that emerged from the 1810 may revolution replaced "viceroyalty" with a "united provinces" designation.
one of the first prominent uses of the demonym "argentine" was in the 1812 first argentine national anthem, which made plenty of references to the ongoing argentine war of independence. the first formal use of the name was in the 1826 constitution, which used both the terms "argentine republic" and "argentine nation".[9] the constitution was repealed, and the territories were instead known as the "argentine confederation". this name was used in the 1853 constitution, being changed to that of the "argentine nation" in 1859, and to the "argentine republic" per an 1860 decree, when the country achieved its current organization. nevertheless, the names of the "united provinces of the río de la plata", "argentine republic" and "argentine confederation" are acknowledged as legitimate names of the country.[1]
history

main article: history of argentina
early history

cueva de las manos, over 10,000 years old, is among the oldest evidence of indigenous culture in the americas.
the earliest evidence of humans in argentina is in patagonia (piedra museo, santa cruz), and dates from 11,000 bc (diaguitas, huarpes, and sanavirones, among others). the inca empire, under sapa-inca pachacutec, invaded, and conquered present-day northwestern argentina in 1480, a feat usually attributed to túpac inca yupanqui. the tribes of omaguacas, atacamas, huarpes and diaguitas were defeated, and integrated into a region called collasuyu. others, such as the sanavirones, lule-tonocoté, and comechingones resisted the incas and remained independent from them. the guaraní developed a culture based on yuca, sweet potato, and yerba mate. the central and southern areas (pampas and patagonia) were dominated by nomadic cultures, the most populous among them being the mapuches.[10] the atacaman city of tastil, in the north, had an estimated population of 2,000 people, being the highest populated area in precolumbian argentina.
the most advanced indigenous populations were the charrúas and guaraníes, who developed some basic agriculture and use of pottery. however, most of their population were located at other sites of south america, and their presence at the territory of modern argentina was scarce in comparison.[11]
colonial period (1516-1810)
see also: government of the río de la plata, viceroyalty of the río de la plata, and may revolution

william carr beresford surrenders to santiago de liniers at the end of the first of the british invasions of the río de la plata.
european explorers arrived in 1516. spain established the viceroyalty of peru in 1542, encompassing all its holdings in south america. their first settlement in modern argentina was the fort sancti spiritu, established in 1527 next to the paraná river. buenos aires, a permanent colony, was established in 1536, but was destroyed by natives. the city was established again in 1580 as part of the governorate of the río de la plata. the area, which encompassed much of the territories that would later become argentina, was largely a territory of spanish immigrants and their descendants, known as criollos, mestizos, native cultures, and descendants of african slaves. a third of colonial-era settlers gathered in buenos aires and other cities, others living on the pampas as gauchos, for instance; indigenous peoples inhabited much of the remainder. most of the patagonia and gran chaco remained under indigenous control.
buenos aires became the capital of the viceroyalty of the río de la plata in 1776, which was created over some former territories of the viceroyalty of peru. until then, the city was neglected by the trade network of the spanish empire, having to rely on contraband for even basic private goods. the flourishing commerce improved the city, which became a regional power. the city, in 1806 and 1807, was the site of two ill-fated british invasions. the resistance was headed both times by the french santiago de liniers, who would become viceroy through popular support. the news of the overthrow of the spanish king ferdinand vii during the peninsular war created great concern in the viceroyalty. the may revolution of 1810 took place in buenos aires, removing viceroy cisneros from government, who was replaced by the primera junta.
independence wars and the early post-colonial period of the nation (1810-1880)
see also: argentine war of independence and argentine civil war
during the following decade, a war for independence ensued in the former viceroyalty, its regions divided between patriots and royalists. while the cities of present-day argentina would align with the independentists since 1811, the other regions would follow differing paths: in may 1811, paraguay seceded, declaring its independence. the upper peru would be hardly fought with the royalists from peru, until it declared independence as bolivia in 1824. the eastern bank of the uruguay river would be invaded by the brazilian-portuguese empire in 1817 and declared independence as uruguay in 1828 after the argentina-brazil war.

josé de san martín, liberator of argentina, chile and perú.
contemporarily, internal conflicts would cause political instability within the patriot camp. in just four years, the primera junta was to be replaced by the junta grande, the first and second triumvirates, and the first supreme director. in 1813, an assembly convened to declare independence, but it could not do so because of political disputes. a civil war ensued between the provinces joined into the federal league and the supreme directorship.
by 1816, the united provinces of south america were under severe internal and external threats. in july, a new congress declared independence and named juan martín de pueyrredón supreme director. the military campaign became the responsibility of josé de san martín, who led an army across the andes in 1817, and defeated the chilean royalists. with the chilean navy at his disposal, he then took the fight to the royalist stronghold of lima. san martín's military campaigns complemented those of simón bolívar in gran colombia, and led to the independentists victory in the spanish american wars of independence.
the 1820 battle of cepeda, fought between the centralists and the federalists, resulted in the end of the centralized national authority, creating a power vacuum (usually called the anarchy of 1820). a new constitution was only enacted in 1826, during the war with brazil, when bernardino rivadavia was elected the first president of argentina. this constitution was soon rejected by the provinces, because of its centralist bias, and rivadavia resigned shortly after. then, the provinces reorganized themselves as the argentine confederation, a loose confederation of provinces that, lacking a common head of state, would instead delegate some important powers, such as debt payment or the management of international relations, on the governor of buenos aires province.
juan manuel de rosas would rule from 1829 to 1832, and from 1835 to 1852. given the sum of public power, he faced unitarian resistance and a constant state of war, including a french blockade from 1838 to 1840, the war of the confederation in the north, an anglo-french blockade from 1845 to 1850, and the corrientes province revolt. rosas remained undefeated during this series of conflicts, and prevented further loss of national territory. his refusal to enact a national constitution, pursuant to the pacto federal, led to entre ríos province governor justo josé de urquiza's reclaiming provincial sovereignty. he defeated rosas at the battle of caseros, forcing him into exile. the san nicolás agreement followed, and in 1853 the constitution of argentina was promulgated. following buenos aires' secession from the confederation, and its later return, bartolomé mitre was elected the first president of the unified country in 1862. national unity was further advanced by the ensuing war of the triple alliance.[12]
a wave of foreign investment and immigration from europe after 1875 led to the strengthening of a cohesive state, the development of modern agriculture and to a near-reinvention of argentine society and the economy. the rule of law was consolidated in large measure by dalmacio vélez sársfield, whose 1860 commercial code and 1869 civil code laid the foundation for argentina's statutory laws. general julio argentino roca's military campaign in the 1870s established argentine dominance over the southern pampas and patagonia, subdued the remaining native peoples, and left 1,300 indigenous dead.[13][14] waged to suppress ongoing raids, some contemporary sources indicate that it was campaign of genocide by the argentine government.[15]
modern history

hipólito yrigoyen was an activist for universal (male) suffrage and was argentina's first president so elected (1916)