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the civil war forced many nicaraguans to start lives outside of their country. although many nicaraguans returned after the end of the war, many people emigrated during the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century due to the lack of employment opportunities and poverty. the majority of the nicaraguan diaspora migrated to costa rica and the united states, and today one in six nicaraguans live in these two countries.[133]
the diaspora has also seen nicaraguans settling around in smaller communities in other parts of the world, particularly western europe. small communities of nicarguans are found in france, germany, italy, spain, norway, sweden and the united kingdom. communities also exist in australia and new zealand. canada, brazil and argentina in the americas also host small groups of these communities. in asia, japan also hosts a small nicaraguan community.
[edit]culture

main article: culture of nicaragua

nicaraguan women wearing the mestizaje costume, which is a traditional costume worn to dance the mestizaje dance. the costume demonstrates the spanish influence on nicaraguan clothing.[134]
nicaraguan culture has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by european culture but enriched with amerindian sounds and flavors. nicaraguan culture can further be defined in several distinct strands. the pacific coast has strong folklore, music and religious traditions, deeply influenced by europeans. it was colonized by spain and has a similar culture to other spanish-speaking latin american countries. the indigenous groups that historically inhabited the pacific coast have largely been assimilated into the mestizo culture.
the caribbean coast of the country, on the other hand, was once a british protectorate. english is still predominant in this region and spoken domestically along with spanish and indigenous languages. its culture is similar to that of caribbean nations that were or are british possessions, such as jamaica, belize, the cayman islands, etc. unlike on the west coast, the indigenous peoples of the caribbean coast have maintained distinct identities, and some still speak their native languages as first languages.
[edit]music
main article: music of nicaragua
nicaraguan music is a mixture of indigenous and european, especially spanish, influences. musical instruments include the marimba and others common across central america. the marimba of nicaragua is uniquely played by a sitting performer holding the instrument on his knees. he is usually accompanied by a bass fiddle, guitar and guitarrilla (a small guitar like a mandolin). this music is played at social functions as a sort of background music. the marimba is made with hardwood plates placed over bamboo or metal tubes of varying lengths. it is played with two or four hammers. the caribbean coast of nicaragua is known for a lively, sensual form of dance music called palo de mayo which is popular throughout the country. it is especially loud and celebrated during the palo de mayo festival in may. the garifuna community (afro-indian) is known for its popular music called punta.

distinctive traditional costumes and dance from a renowned folk dance from nicaragua, el güegüense.
nicaragua enjoys a variety of international influence in the music arena. bachata, merengue, salsa and cumbia have gained prominence in cultural centers such as managua, leon and granada. cumbia dancing has grown popular with the introduction of nicaraguan artists, including gustavo leyton, on ometepe island and in managua. salsa dancing has become extremely popular in managua's nightclubs. with various influences, the form of salsa dancing varies in nicaragua. new york style and cuban salsa (salsa casino) elements have gained popularity across the country.
bachata dancing has also gained popularity in nicaragua. combinations of styles from the dominican republic and the united states can be found throughout the country. the nature of the dance in nicaragua varies depending on the region. rural areas tend to have a stronger focus on movement of the hips and turns. urbanized cities, on the other hand, focus primarily on more sophisticated footwork in addition to movement and turns. a considerable amount of bachata dancing influence comes from nicaraguans living abroad, in cities that include miami, los angeles and, to a much lesser extent, new york city.
nicaragua has many artists such as carlos mejia godoy or the duo guardabarranco who are considered an essential[citation needed] part of the country's popular music and an influence on the younger national artists.
tango has also surfaced recently in cultural cities and ballroom dance occasions.
[edit]literature
main article: literature of nicaragua
the literature of nicaragua can be traced to pre-columbian times; the myths and oral literature formed the cosmogonic view of the world of the indigenous people. some of these stories are still known in nicaragua. like many latin american countries, the spanish conquerors have had the most effect on both the culture and the literature. nicaraguan literature has historically been an important source of poetry in the spanish-speaking world, with internationally renowned contributors such as rubén darío, who is regarded as the most important literary figure in nicaragua. he is called the "father of modernism" for leading the modernismo literary movement at the end of the 19th century.[135] other literary figures include carlos martinez rivas, pablo antonio cuadra, alberto cuadra mejia, manolo cuadra, pablo alberto cuadra arguello, orlando cuadra downing sergio ramirez mercado, ernesto cardenal, gioconda belli, claribel alegría and josé coronel urtecho, among others.
the satirical drama el güegüense was the first literary work of post-columbian nicaragua. it is regarded as one of latin america's most distinctive colonial-era expressions and as nicaragua's signature folkloric masterpiece, combining music, dance and theater.[135] the theatrical play was written by an anonymous author in the 16th century, making it one of the oldest indigenous theatrical/dance works of the western hemisphere.[136] after centuries of popular performance, the play was first published in a book in 1942.[137]
[edit]language
main articles: languages of nicaragua, central american spanish, nicaraguan spanish, and voseo

a sign in bluefields in english (top), spanish (middle) and miskito (bottom).

in this map, the use of the voseo form is illustrated, with countries such as nicaragua, where it is predominant, represented in dark blue. voseo is also predominant in argentina, uruguay and paraguay, where rioplatense spanish is spoken.
central american spanish is spoken by about 90% of nicaragua's population. in nicaragua, the voseo form of address is dominant in both speech and publications. the same is true for the río de la plata region of south america. nicaraguan spanish can be understood everywhere in the hispanosphere.
nicaraguan spanish has many indigenous influences and several distinguishing characteristics. until the 19th century, a hybrid form of nahuat-spanish was the common language of nicaragua. today nahuat, mangue, and mayan words and syntax can be found in everyday speech.[138] the nicaraguan accent dates back to the 16th century in andalusia, and the relative isolation of nicaragua meant that the accent did not change in the same ways that the andalusian accent has. for example, some nicaraguans have a tendency to replace the "s" sound with an "h"" sound when speaking.[138] other nicaraguans pronounce the word vos with a strong s sound at the end. in the central part of the country, regions such as boaco pronounce vos without the s sound at the end. the result is vo, similar to vous in french and voi in italian.
nicaraguans, unlike most spanish-speaking groups, cannot be categorized uniformly in terms of accent and word usage. although spanish is spoken throughout the country, the country has great variety: vocabulary, accents and colloquial language can vary between towns and departments.[139]
in the caribbean coast, many afro-nicaraguans and creoles speak english and creole english as their first language, but as a second language, they speak a fluent spanish. the language in the north and south atlantic regions are influenced by english, dutch, portuguese, spaniard and french roots. in addition, many of the indigenous people speak their native languages, such as the miskito, sumo, rama and garifuna language.[140] in addition, many ethnic groups in nicaragua have maintained ancestral languages, while also speaking spanish or english; these include chinese, arabic, german, and italian.
spanish is taught as the principal language. english is taught to students during their high school years and tends to be the national second language. other languages, particularly romance languages, can also be found sporadically, particularly within expatriate communities.
nicaragua was home to three extinct languages, one of which was never classified. nicaraguan sign language is also of particular interest to linguists as the world's youngest language.[141]